考研英语英译汉必考重点之被动语态


被动语态是英语语法中很重要的一项,在各种英语测试中被动语态是必考项目,这是因为英语中各种题材的书面文章中用被动语态的范围很广,凡是不知动作施动者,不需说出动作施动者及便于文章上下文衔接等情况下,英语中往往都用被动语态。这与汉语形成鲜明的对比,因为按照汉语的日常表达习惯,如能用主动语态表达,则尽量避免用被动语态。所以在汉语文章中句子很多都是主动句,虽也有被动句,但使用的较少。英语中不论文体是说明文还是议论文,不论题材是政治经济还是文化科普的文章,被动语态的使用都很常见,在科普类议论文中尤为突出。而英汉两种语言中被动语态的表达也不完全相同。这里通过为大家提供一些考题和实例简要介绍一下英译汉中被动语态的处理。
 
 (1)英语被动句译为汉语被动句。英语中有一些用被动形式表达的句子,在翻译成汉语时可以将其被动语态的意义直接用汉语被动句的形式表达,在很多情况下需要用以下几个表示被动的标志词引导:被……,给……,遭到……,受到……,为……所……,所……,把……,使……,由……,是……的,得以……,加以……,予以等。
 
例如:
 
    2002年第63题:
 
    The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.
 
这个句子中出现两处被动语态,一个是第一个分句中的谓语部分was formulated,另一个是第二个分句中谓语后面的不定式中的to be recognized and studied。我们可以将这个句子译成:
 
自然选择在进化中的作用仅仅在一百多年前才得以阐明,而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。
 
2001年第72题:
 
    Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived.
 
此句中第二个分句中出现了被动语态will be regarded as workmates,我们可以直接译为汉语中的被动表达形式:
 
儿童将与装有个性化芯片的玩具娃娃一起玩耍,具有内置个性的计算机会被看做工作伙伴而不是工具,人们将在会散发出气味的电视机前休闲娱乐,届时数字化时代就来临了。
 
1995年第72题:
 
    How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability and appropriateness of the information used and on the skills and wisdom with which it is interpreted.
 
本句是一个主从复合句,主句的谓语部分是被动语态will be validated,宾语中wisdom with which it is interpreted也包含一个被动语态的表达法。因此,我们可以将本句译为:
 
这些预测在多大程度上能被后来的表现所证实,要取决于被采用的信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性以及用以诠释这些信息所需要的技能和才智。
 
1995年第74题:
 
    In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined.
 
对句子分析后,我们就会发现,此句中包含四个被动语态,to be measured,can be most precisely defined,to be measured or predicted,can not be well defined我们可以将此句按照被动的形式译作:
 
一般而言,当被测定的特征能够被很准确地界定时,测试最为有效;而当被测定或被预测的东西不能被明确界定时,测试的效果最差。
 
 (2)英语被动句译为汉语主动句。因为汉语中主动句占很大的比例,所以一般情况下,变英语被动语态为汉语主动语态,有时可以把动作的实施者译出来。
 
例如:
 
    2002年第62题:
 
    The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.
 
本句是一个简单复合句。句子中第一个原因状语从句里的seem to be directly observed这个被动语态在翻译时就可以处理成汉语里的主动语态。因此,此句可以译为:
 
行为科学之所以发展缓慢,部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的,部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。
 
2002年第64题:
 
    They are the possessions of the autonomous(self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.
 
这个句子中第二个分句中定语从句里面有两处被动语态:is held responsible for 和 given credit,我们在英译汉时可以用主动语态和被动语态来处理,因此,本句可以译为:
 
自由和尊严(它们)是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的,是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。
 
2000年第73题:
 
    Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.
 
这个复合句中出现两处被动语态are being exposed to和are often forced to,而我们在翻译时都可以用主动句子来表达如下:
 
大众通讯的显著发展使各地的人们不断感到有新的需求,不断接触到新的习俗和思想。由于上述原因,政府常常得推出更多的革新。
 
1998年第72题:
 
    The existence of the giant clouds were virtually required for the Big Bang first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.
 
句中的谓语部分were virtually required 是被动语态,但在进行英译汉时可以处理为主动句子,译为:
 
为了保持20世纪20年代首创的大爆炸论对宇宙权威解释的主导地位,对大爆炸论来说巨大宇宙云的存在确实是必要的。
 
或:巨大的宇宙云的存在,实际上是20世纪20年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其对宇宙权威解释的主导地位所不可或缺的。
 
1997年第73题:   
 
    It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset; it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.
 
此句中的英语被动语态should be treated可以译为下面的汉语主动句子:
 
    这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端,它使人们认为应该这样对待动物:要么像对待人类自身一样关切体贴,要么完全冷漠无情。
 
1992年第74题:
 
    The first two must be equal for all who are being compared if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made.
 
这个简单复合句中出现两处被动语态:are being compared和is to be made,在翻译时,我们可以将前者译成被动语态,而后者则可以译成主动语态。本句可以译为:
 
如果要在智力方面进行任何比较的话,那么对所有被比较的人来说,两个因素必须是相同的。
 
1992年第75题:
 
    On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.
 
这个句子中,包括省略部分在内,共出现了六处被动语态:can be drawn、but (can) only (be drawn)、can be assumed、is being compared、and (can) only (be drawn)、was not punished。在这六个被动语态中,只有最后一个被翻译成了被动语态,其他五个都按照汉语的表达习惯译成了主动语态。参考的译文如下:
 
总的来说,得出这种结论是有一定把握的,但是必须具备两个条件:能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他相比较的其他孩子的态度相同;他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子已经掌握的有关知识而被扣分。
 
再如:
 
    1990年第66题:
 
    Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
 
这个句子中的被动语态is raised就可以用汉语的主动句子来翻译如下:
 
    行为主义者认为:孩子在有多种刺激物的环境里成长,而这些刺激物能发展其做出适当反应的能力,那么这个孩子就将会有更高的智力发展。
 
 (3)英语中几种被动语态句型的汉译法。在英语中有一些句型不明确主语即动作的施动者,另一些句型常用在新闻报道、科普文章及说明文、议论文中表示推测、表达意见想法或总结归纳,这些英语被动语态的句型常以it作为形式主语,在译成汉语时常用以下几种译法:
 
如:
 
    (1)It is hoped that...                                                 希望……
 
         It is said that...                                                                             据说……
 
It is reported that...                                                                        据报道……
 
It is supposed that...                                                                       据推测……
 
It is suggested (implied) that...                                                               据暗示……
 
    (2)It must be admitted that                                                        必须承认
 
It must be pointed out that                                     必须指出
 
It can be seen from this that                                    由此可见
 
It may be said without fear of exaggeration that                    可以毫不夸张地说
 
       (3)It is well known that/ As is known to all                          众所周知
 
It is generally thought that                                     大家/人们普遍认为
 
It is asserted that                                             有人/人们主张
 
It is believed that                                             有人/人们相信
 
It will be said that                                                 有人/人们会说
 
It was told that                                                有人/人们曾说过
 
It is expected (estimated) that                                    有人/人们预测、预计
 
    例如:
 
1993年第74题:
 
    And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.
 
此句是一个由it做形式主语、由that引导的两个主语从句是真正的主语的主从复合句。句中出现三处被动语态:it is imagined by many、can be by no means compared、have to be acquired,而我们可以把本句译成:
 
许多人认为,普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维活动相比,他们认为这些思维活动必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。
 
再如:
 
    As is known to all, productive thought requires not just the rules of logic but a wealth of experience and background information, plus the ability to generalize and interpret new experiences using that information.
 
众所周知,富有成效的思想不仅要求有逻辑规律,还要求有丰富的经验和背景知识,并能利用这些知识来概括、解释新的经验的能力。
 
从下面的例句中我们可以看到几种英语被动句的不同的汉语译法。
 
Three-fourth of the earth is covered with water. But only about three percent of this water is fresh. All the rest is salt water and fills the oceans. Now fresh water is becoming scarce, but it is estimated that more and more will be needed because of the increasing world population.
 
       地球的四分之三面积被水覆盖,但其中大约只有百分之三是淡水,其余都是咸水,遍布各大洋。现在淡水越来越不足,而由于世界人口日益增长,据估计淡水的需要量会越来越大。