安全套：究竟有多“安全”
安全套，是否可以给男人想要的性快乐，还能保证性安全？
策划、执行|本刊编辑部 图片创意|赵卫民
17世纪，英格兰御医约瑟夫·康德姆，将羊的盲肠切成适当的长度后晒干，用油脂和麦麸使其柔软，直至变成薄薄的橡皮状。他将这世上第一只避孕套献给了查尔斯二世，龙颜因之大悦。这一皇家专利，今天已造福全世界男人。避孕套也从而以康德姆医生的姓氏命名，Condom。
该称谓泊来中国后，有了几种常见的翻译，如"安全套"、"卫生套"、"保险套"。这些名称固然更加形象和易于传播，但在理解上却留下了模糊的空间： 何为"安全"？有多"卫生"？真的"保险"吗？
《新英格兰医学杂志》报告，使用避孕套预防艾滋的失败率为16.7% ； 《社会科学医学》杂志则说，失败率达31%；美国国立卫生研究院(NIH)、食品和药品监督管理局(FDA)等多家医学和相关政府部门联合声明：没有科学证据表明，避孕套能够有效预防大多数性传播疾病。
安全套不安全？这到底是一个男人们掩耳盗铃的问题，还是现有的科技真的对此黔驴技穷？既想要性的放纵和快乐，也想要性的绝对安全，鱼与熊掌，能否兼得？
来自中国深圳的一家公司，最近声称可以挑战安全套的国际标准，生产出了比其他所有品牌更"安全"的新产品。 那么，这是一项怎样的"技术创新"？它的 "搅局"，是否会在社会上掀起一场激烈的讨论，会否让男人们陷于混乱和恐慌？
我们采访的专家说，回避问题的态度是"把我国广大具有智慧的劳动人民当白痴"。
所以，我们决定不当白痴，并建议男人们一起参与，来了解一下这个比粮食安全、金融安全更加让我们关心则乱的话题。
<技术·性>
据《新英格兰医学杂志》报道，使用避孕套防治艾滋病的失败率为16.7%；英国《社会科学医学》杂志刊登的失败率则是31%；没有科学证据表明，避孕套能够有效预防大多数性传播疾病。 避孕套使用的天然乳胶，天然裂缝在5000至70000纳米之间，而艾滋病病毒的直径约为120纳米。因此即使正确使用避孕套，仍然有可能感染性传播疾病。
安全是个圈套？文|令羽、李丹婷、王尧懿
安全套究竟有多"安全"？
一项"你认为'安全套'中的'安全'是指什么？"的投票，近期在颇为流行SNS网站"开心网"上发起。结果显示：146名参与者中，70%的人认为可以隔离精子；52%认为可以隔离一般性传播病毒；58%认为可以隔离艾滋病毒，28%认为其他可通过性接触传播的病毒，如乙肝也可隔离；40%的人选择了戴套可以阻隔精子、细菌、病毒等各种可经由性接触传播的物质，这才是"安全"的含义；33%的人则说对任何一种物质都不能100%隔离，但用好过不用。
该网站用户主要为公司白领、学生和媒体人，受教育水平相对较高。有参与者留言： 隔开了体液，自然就不会传染病毒了。也有人这样判断：既然艾滋病预防大使会上街派发安全套做宣传，那就说明戴套应该是能防艾的。
是这样吗？
"避孕套≠安全套"，这一标语高悬于纳谷公司网站之首。这是一家自称生产出了"全球首创防病毒安全套"的公司，目前年产量1.5亿只，以"青柠檬"、"悦女香姬"等品牌在市场销售。眼下正在寻找战略投资者，关注防艾的比尔·盖茨基金会也曾与之联络。
避孕套如何不安全？据《新英格兰医学杂志》报道，使用避孕套防治艾滋病的失败率为16.7%；英国《社会科学医学》杂志刊登的失败率则是31%；2001年，由美国国立卫生研究院(NIH)、美国食品和药品监督管理局(FDA)、美国疾病预防和控制中心(CDC)以及美国国际开发署(US-AID)联合组成的特别研究小组，与美国卫生和人类服务部(HHS)联合提出：避孕套可以降低85%感染艾滋病毒的风险；没有科学证据表明避孕套能够有效预防大多数性传播疾病。
要快乐还是要安全？答案应该是，两者都要。
原理何如？
程延安是西安交通大学第二附属医院肝病、性病专家，也是国家计生委科技专家委员会委员，从事传染病专业工作26年。他对此的解释是：许多就诊病人说，自己日常已经很小心注意，每次发生性关系都采取了防护措施，可还是染上了性病。而从国家计生委的一些研究项目和查阅的大量国外资料获悉：目前市售的避孕套使用的材质主要是天然乳胶，其自然裂缝在5000至70000纳米之间。人类精子头部的直径约为5000纳米，艾滋病病毒的直径约为120纳米，人类乳头瘤病毒直径在45至55纳米之间，乙肝病毒中大球形颗粒直径为42纳米。各种病毒的体积远远小于天然乳胶的自然裂缝，因此即使是正确使用避孕套，还是有可能感染上性传播疾病。
烟台四维高科生化有限公司提请程延安首先在西安交通大学医学院第二附属医院，用真实乙肝病毒做了一个安全套对比穿透实验：随机抽取市面上最常见的三个品牌的安全套，与由烟台四维高科生化有限公司采用"纳谷"技术生产的"青柠檬"牌安全套一起组成一个实验组。经PCR病毒定量实验，分别进行1、5、10、15、30、45分钟取样，发现：传统安全套内的病毒在10分钟内就渗透到了安全套外的阴性血清里，说明其对病毒并没有做到100%有效预防；而经过同样的反复实验，"青柠檬"牌安全套外的阴性血清始终保持阴性。结论是：烟台四维高科有限公司生产的纳谷安全套在实验中可以100%有效预防乙肝病毒通过性途径感染。"乙肝病毒比艾滋病病毒更小，既然能阻隔乙肝，说明更加能够阻隔艾滋病毒。"纳谷公司技术研发部经理付强补充说明。
这种"防病毒安全套"如此卓尔不群，其特殊之处何在？付强对"纳谷"的核心技术做了介绍："纳谷新型防病毒安全套的特点主要体现在4个方面：预防性传播疾病、避免潜在的致癌风险、降低过敏反应和保护女性健康。具体的，我们的核心技术主要有二：一是'天然乳胶缝隙孔径复合交联纳米填充技术 '，另一个是天然植物萃取液。我们从十多种天然植物中萃取出有益物质，通过四次浸渍将天然乳胶基膜包覆在中间形成三层膜。一来借助'天然乳胶缝隙孔径复合交联纳米填充技术'保证安全套的膜体孔径不超过40纳米；二来，除了物理上阻隔病毒和细菌，还能通过植物层的正负电荷互相作用，主动吸附和灭活，从而能够更有效地防止性病尤其是艾滋病的传播；第三，天然植物萃取物层对人体与乳胶膜起到了隔离的作用，可以避免乳胶在硫化过程中产生的亚硝胺、以及过敏原天然橡胶蛋白与人体直接接触。其与女性阴道PH值相近的特性，也解决了一般避孕套呈碱性影响女性阴道环境的问题。"
高速驾驶，刹车重要
西安交通大学医学院第二附属医院的病毒实验，在中国人民解放军302医院也得出了同样的结论。去年10月的深圳高交会上，纳谷公司更将这个医学实验进行了现场模拟：技术人员将注入黄色模拟体液的纳谷生化安全套与几个国际品牌避孕套同时浸入白色模拟病毒液体中。3分钟后，传统避孕套内的溶液开始发生颜色变化，证明白色模拟病毒液体穿透传统避孕套膜而进入了套的内部，并生成了明显的显色反应；而采用纳谷生化专利技术生产的新型安全套却丝毫没有反应，证明白色模拟病毒液体没有穿透。 这一现场实验颇为引起了一些震动，《香港商报》、《文汇报》和中央电视台6套去年11月17日的《预防病毒的新科技》节目都曾对其进行过报道。
纳谷公司董事长、也是烟台四维高科生化有限公司副董事长的吴敬进，是"文革"后第一批大学生，毕业于大连理工大学机械工程系，1984年赴美学习工商管理，回国后在三九集团担任要职，后独自创业做投资公司。对于此次投资新型安全套的生产，他显得信心满满。据他透露，纳谷公司已经与孟加拉国卫生部以及艾滋病委员会取得了联系，对方对这种新型安全套非常感兴趣，盛邀前往销售推广。纳谷也有意去到孟加拉国进行国内难以实现的艾滋病病毒相关实验，再向非盟等艾滋病情较严重的第三世界国家拓展。
原青岛橡胶厂的老厂长周茂赏，是全国乳胶协会常务理事。他带领的厂有着近30年的避孕套生产经验，他本人也一直在关注真正安全的"安全套"的研发。在周厂长看来，性快乐，如同高速驾驶带来的快感；而性安全，则好比脚下的刹车。"刹车，对于安全驾驶的重要性不言而喻。"从技术层面而言，纳谷公司横空出世的"青柠檬"，会是那个质量安全的刹车吗？这一点，也许只有你用了才知道。
杜蕾斯、特洛伊、杰士邦解读安全
香波＝洗发水，避孕套≠安全套？
汤向阳 杰士邦品牌，杰士邦卫生用品有限公司总经理
陶峻 杜蕾斯品牌，SSL集团中国区营销总监
侯义藏 特洛伊品牌，切迟·杜威贸易北京公司市场部经理
mangazine·名牌：安全套和避孕套到底有何差别?
汤向阳：是同一个概念，只是表述不同而已。原来中国的标准用名就是避孕套，主要强调避孕功能。在艾滋病泛滥的今天改称安全套，比较接近国际说法。
陶峻：这只是同一产品的不同说法。就好比洗发水和洗发香波同样都是洗发水，不同地区的不同人可能有不同的叫法。在中国有"安全套"和"避孕套"两种称谓，在台湾地区人们则说"保险套"，其他国家基本上都使用英文名称：condom。在我看来，国内的不同叫法也是跟时代发展有关的。最初人们使用避孕套的意图以避孕为主，防止不必要的怀孕。后来时代发展，情感生活越来越丰富多样，性病、艾滋病等传染疾病的泛滥，致使人们提高了安全意识。所以避孕套就又多了一层涵义：防止不必要的传染病的传播。于是"安全套"的称法普遍了起来。但说到底，产品本身是同一个东西，避孕套=安全套。
侯义藏：只是叫法不同，在产品、形式、内容和意义上是一个概念。就好比水杯和玻璃杯，本质上是一样的。随着中国的逐步开放，性病、艾滋病在中国已经存在并且有恶化的趋势，所以比较提倡"安全套"这个叫法。现在包装上的商品名称还是"避孕套"，但以后会改进为"安全套"。
mangazine·名牌：市面上卖的各种各样的安全套真的可以预防性病、艾滋病、乙肝等传染病吗？现在市面上的安全套是否可以绝对安全？
汤向阳：安全套是目前已知的预防艾滋比较简单和有效的方法之一，没有任何人能说任何方法是绝对安全的。据我所知，在泰国、越南等国家推广了"百分百安全措施"以后，大大降低了艾滋病等性传播疾病的发病率。
陶峻：安全套当然可以防止性病、艾滋病、乙肝等传染病毒的传播，这是安全套本身的使命之一。但我相信没有任何一个人敢说安全套就可以百分百的绝对安全，这里面有很多的导致失误的因素，比如使用不当；比如你遭遇了次品等等太多难以预估的因素，除非你没有性爱接触那才可以是绝对的安全啊。只能说到目前为止安全套是最有效的预防性病、艾滋病等传染病毒传播的方式。
侯义藏：不能说安全套就是绝对安全的，但是如果你正确使用，每次都使用，并且是质量有保证的安全套，那么就是安全的。
安全套，是人类的一个幻想
<社会·性>
也许有人担心关于安全套是否安全的广泛讨论会造成人们的恐慌和混乱。可是我认为，不讨论才会造成恐惧和混乱--
王小屋 《心理》杂志首席资深专题编辑
如果避孕套有固若金汤的安全功效，它应该会卖到跟伟哥差不多的价格
由安全套带来的麻烦还少吗？这样的讨论在成人层面，也许有些小儿科了。但既然它被我们讨论，成为一个话题，就一定有它的理由：今天的我们多么渴望安全的性。
避孕套给女人的身体带来了一定程度的生产上的"安全"，但避孕套等于安全套，却是我们的一个幻想。我认为它们从来不是一个概念。我们可能是安全的，但没有绝对的安全。一个现实是，我们的身体获得了越来越多的自由，但与我们性的欢愉如影随行的，是危险的可能。我的女朋友中，有两个人都是带着套套却怀孕的；我的异性朋友中，也有与小姐云雨一次就中招的。"我带了套的！"我现在还清楚地记得他说这句话时的绝望和恐惧的表情。我们人类的肉欲好像被施了一个魔咒，这个套套，我们认为它带来绝对的安全，但它却在最让我们恐惧的地方反咬一口。
安全套就像固若金汤的堤坝一样安全的想法，可能会在某个时刻击溃我们的生活。如果避孕套有这样的安全功效，我想它应该会卖到跟伟哥差不多的价格。它最大的功能就是阻隔卵子跟精子的约会。至于现在市面上花花绿绿带刺带针的各式 "安全套"，我宁愿相信它们能够增强刺激，提高性爱质量，却不是100%安全的堤坝。它真的能防住什么吗？不能完全地指望它预防令我们恐惧的艾滋等性传播疾病，在这方面，我看到的数据是，报告失败率比较高，有些来自实证调的数据表明，它可能不能彻底有效地防止任何一种性病传播。
知晓安全套是否安全，对公众是一种恩泽
在今天，成人的情爱关系已经相当复杂，我们终于认识到我们的动物性，我们也勇于在性爱中释放我们的动物性，但我们能够在尽享欢愉的同时也得到一个百分百安全的证书吗？我不知道有没有这样一种措施或这样一只套套。有那么多人享受快乐却看起来安全而干净，这怎么说呢？但总的来说，我是比较悲观的。不一定是你，不一定是我，也不一定是他或她。但只是不一定。危险总是在那里。如果说有一种确保安全的"安全套"，我想还是有一只的，那就是忠实的、稳定的伴侣关系，是最好的保护自己的措施--我们很多人认为与同一个伴侣做爱不可能享乐，但其实不一定。获得性福的所有努力中，技巧并不多么重要，无论男人和女人，都是如此；反而是我们大脑中的性观念更加重要。要知道，大脑也是我们相当重要的性器官！关于性福，我认为我们与同一个伴侣也可以开发得很深刻、很深入。
也许有人担心关于安全套是否安全的广泛讨论会造成人们的恐慌和混乱。可是我认为，不讨论才会造成恐惧和混乱--2003年，SARS突如其来，当时我正在深圳工作和生活，无知和恐惧，让我相信一切流言，我也曾买过100块钱一瓶的白醋--我们的恐惧其实是来自于未知和无知。为什么不讨论呢？如果安全套是绝对安全的，广泛讨论的结果就是大家都会去用；如果安全套不是绝对安全的，它有可能让精子和性病同时漏网钻入我们的身体，那么让公众知道这样一个事实就是一种恩泽，从而让更多的人可能不会去做高危的性爱。讨论是需要的，而且还要广泛。我相信，即使讨论证明了套套不是百分之百安全的，也不会影响套套的销路--避孕套避孕的成功比例还是非常高的。
Safe Sex, 套总比不套好
现代社会爱与性观念已经发生了重大变化，开放度越来越高，人们不该压抑自己的欲望，但是一定要首先保护好自己，现在也确实没有比安全套更安全的产品和方式了。
李银河 中国社会科学院社会学研究所研究员
毕金仪 国家级心理咨询师 ，北京闻心斋心理咨询所所长
mangazine·名牌：你如何看待有关安全套是否安全的讨论？
李银河：我看这个讨论还是很有必要的，以前在报纸上就看到过很多这方面的讨论，有人说现在的安全套技术不足以抵御某些传染病病毒，好比艾滋病病毒非常微小，有可能穿透安全套等的说法，但据我所知，目前全世界艾滋病等传染病的预防宣传还是要大家一定带好安全套，正确使用安全套，不论安全套是否绝对安全，带总比不带好。
毕金仪：人们需要安全，因为怕不安全就想通过讨论，以从别人那里得到有关"很安全"的承诺，以使自己安心；或是得到"不安全"的认同以证实自己的担心；没准还能从讨论中得出些使之更安全的方法⋯⋯总之，任何跟"安全"相关的话题人们是永远不嫌多的。
mangazine·名牌：你觉得安全套与避孕套是一个概念吗？
李银河：意思不一样啊，虽然说东西可以是一个东西，但我觉得代表意义肯定不同。我们过去的避孕套只是避孕这一项功能，但随着社会发展，人们的婚姻、爱与性，饮食男女等等的观念发生了重大变化，开放度越来越高，但同时也带来负面效应就是性病、艾滋病等传染病毒的泛滥和猖獗。所以我们现在不仅仅说避孕套，而且提倡大家使用安全套，这就多了安全这个第二功能意义。安全套和避孕药不能划等号，其功能概念和社会意义显然不同。
毕金仪：我不是安全套专家，虽然无法用特别专业的语言定义，不过从字面上来说，照我的理解，这俩词词义的含义不大一样吧。避孕套嘛，仅仅用于生育控制，而安全套是不是更广义些啊，除去避孕还有给性交提供更安全、卫生保护的含义吧。
mangazine·名牌：在你看来，安全套是否真的安全？市面上卖的各种各样的安全套真的可以预防各种传染病吗？
李银河：我觉得应当说是起到了特别大的作用，但是并不能说绝对的安全。现在医学界的专家们都无法完全证实安全套的绝对保护作用，报纸上经常有这样的新理论新研究的探讨和争论，但现在也确实没有能够比现有的安全套更安全的产品和方式。所以说这一套的使用还是必须的。如果说绝对的安全那当然只能是禁欲，因为任何的接触都会有风险。
毕金仪： 我相信无论是什么安全措施，所谓安全的承诺都是相对的。比如针对安全套，我想带比不带安全多了吧，无论是控制生育还是预防疾病，都是带比不带安全，而且应当是安全很多。
mangazine·名牌：现代社会，人们的情感生活愈来愈多样化复杂化，在你看来，人们该如何在享乐的同时又能保护自己？
李银河：一定要注意性生活的安全，西方提倡的说法是"safe sex"。欲望和死相比，当然是生命最为重要，不能为了满足欲望就什么都不顾地去得个能够致死的病。人们不该压抑自己的欲望，但是一定要首先保护好自己，现在看来最好的方式还是要安全的使用安全套。
mangazine·名牌：有专家指出，关于安全套是否安全的广泛讨论不是很好，容易造成恐慌和混乱，你怎么看？
李银河：我觉得应该讨论，而且有必要认真讨论。安全套的安全与否不仅仅是一个技术问题，它关乎到人们的生活方式和健康意识，关系到我们每一个人的切身利益：身心健康、生命安全。人们当然应该去关注这个问题，去讨论、论证、获得事实真相。不管讨论本身会造成什么，还是应该让人们首先知道事实、了解事实。彻底地、诚实地了解事实真相，是我们应该拥有的权利，继而我们才能真正面对自己和宽容别人。而且我认为了解事实应该有助于消除恐慌，不了解事实才会真正造成恐慌，就好像坐飞机一样，你不能说坐飞机一定安全，你应该告诉人们这种方式也有他的不安全因素，媒体上也经常有各种失事报道，但是大家并没有从此不坐飞机。
毕金仪：唉，我国有些专家不免多事，一个有关安全套是否安全的讨论也至于引起恐慌和混乱？把我国广大具有智慧的劳动人民当白痴啊？再说，一个惧怕广泛讨论的专家本身学术态度就不够有端正，觉得自己比老百姓高明么？是不是自己先恐慌、混乱啊？
性教育的6大忠告
无论如何，安全套教育不是如何做爱的教育，只是如何更好保护自己的教育。安全套教育不是要把教室变卧室，课桌变婚床，只是为了让青少年更健康，更负责。
方刚 性社会学博士,现执教于北京林业大学人文社会科学学院
安全套， 在我看来只是不同性观念用来"说事"的一个砝码。安全套是否安全，表面上看来是与产品质量以及工具性能有关，其本质是性价值观、性教育的价值观之争。
先说对性少数人群的价值观。如果安全套是安全的，那么就少了打击购买性服务，打击男同性性行为，打击多性伙伴行为者等等行为的借口。现在我们有些人以艾滋病为大旗，对这些行为加以严厉谴责和打击。如果安全套是安全的，这些行为不会传播性病也不会传播艾滋病了，纯属个人私事，这些人还拿什么来打击呢？
再说性教育方面的价值观。美国教育界针对性教育，有两个不同的流派。这两个流派，在今天的中国也已经形成。其中一个是守贞性教育，强调青少年绝对不能发生性行为，它同时也认为，安全套不安全，会称安全套的安全率极低甚至反对如何使用安全套的教育，认为这是鼓励青少年发生性行为。另一派，则是综合性教育，强调未成年人最好不发生性行为，但如果要发生，就要使用安全套。对于这一派来说，安全套是一个可以信赖的自我保护工具，在教学中会主张教给学生们如何使用安全套。
我们不妨看看几年间关于安全套进大学、进中学引起的社会争论。
2000年前后，中国媒体曾围绕着"安全套自动售货机是否应该进大学"展开了热烈的讨论。结果是，以各大学校园中普遍可以看到安全套自动售货机而告终。安全套"进"了大学，是和整个社会对安全套的推广使用意识联系在一起的，从另一方面也说明了社会对大学生性行为的宽容度。
四五年之后，2004至2005年间，媒体又出现了关于"安全套是否应该进中学"的讨论。关注的焦点主要是如何使用安全套的性教育是否应该进入中学课堂。这次争论中，反对安全套"进"中学的声音占据主流，在我看来，这同样说明了公众社会普遍无法接受和容忍中学生的性行为。因为对于许多人来说，一个重要的假设便是：教给学生如何使用安全套，就是认可他们的性行为。而在我看来，事情并不能这样简单地看待。
反对安全套 "进"中学的一方，提出了许多观点。 在我看来， 这些观点可以大致归为两类：一类是对在中学进行性教育的担心，一类是对在中学进行安全套使用教育的担心。应该说，前一种担心目前已经基本不是社会的主流观点了，面对越来越高的中学生性行为发生率，越来越多的少女怀孕现象，中学教师和家长都普遍开始认可应该进行性教育。但是，驳斥反对中学进行安全套使用教育的观点就没有那么简单了。
1.进行安全套教育并不等于性暗示，这就仿佛我们进行如何防火、灭火的教育，不等于许可受教育者放火一样。我们不进行安全套教育，学生想做爱时照样会做爱，不会因为没有这种"暗示"就不做爱。
2.我国性教育落后，但这并不影响我们进行安全套教育。安全套教育只是性教育的一个环节。不可能一所学校的性教育只讲如何用安全套，不讲别的。
3.安全套教育如果遭到反对，是因为反对者没有清楚它的意义，应该加以认真说明。性教育也曾受到反对，现在不是已经被大多数人接受了吗？反对者对，恰说明我们的工作没有做到位。
4.不要幻想有一种性教育可以使青少年立即否定性行为是正常的认知。对于青少年的性欲求，堵是没有用的，安全套提供了输导的方法。
5.无知并不是可以夸耀的事情。在这个年龄，在周围社会和同龄群体普遍对性很有兴趣的时代，今天"一窍不通"，并不等于明天就突然"茅塞顿开"。我们无法判断他们哪天"通"，只能防患于未然。正确的安全套使用的教育，不会影响他们的学习和生活。
6.单纯禁止性交的性教育，已经被事实证明是失败的。安全套的使用教育，就是培养青少年责任感的一部分，是对单纯禁止性交性教育的弥补。如果一定要发生性关系，安全性行为就是有责任感的性行为。
无论如何，安全套教育不是如何做爱的教育，只是如何更好保护自己的教育。安全套教育不是要把教室变卧室，课桌变婚床，只是为了让青少年更健康，更负责。
"有一套"总比没一套要安全。
我们从来都被紧紧套牢
<历史·性>
事实上性病并非如宪政制度那样乃西方专利，在中国，它也有着久远的传统。清代同治皇帝据说就死于此类疾病，不过，因是皇家隐私，为尊者讳，悬疑至今。而早期"海龟"方鸿渐，揣着假文凭回到祖国，然后被邀请去演讲，他的演讲题目就是《鸦片和梅毒》。
文|曹寇 图｜corbis
词语的革命
安全套以非药物的形式阻止受孕，主要用于在性交中阻止人类的精子和卵子结合，防止怀孕。此外，也有防止淋病、艾滋病(HIV)等性病传播的作用。
这个东西在西方叫Condom，无需分辨，毫无歧义。但作为和洋火洋钉一样的舶来品，在中国早先却被纯洁地称为"避孕套"。我想，生育的计划性及其制度或许才是"那个玩意儿"被命名为"避孕套"的起因。但事实再三证明，这项被列为法令的严格制度仍然存在薄弱环节和大大小小的漏洞，一如《阳光灿烂的日子》里马小军所戳破的那只避孕套，他的弟弟是偶然性的生命，却又与"谋求缝隙中的生存"获得了某种必然的一致。与其说"超生游击队"是和计生委在展开斗争，不如说宋丹丹和黄宏在避孕套蔚为壮观如大典气球(或结扎)的广阔背景下也是在"谋求缝隙中的生存"。
请勿超额怀孕！避孕套如是说，口号响亮，也仅此一句。确实如此，据说那时候人民的性生活十分简洁，完全无需考虑后一种防范作用。可惜门窗时代打开了，除了可以呼吸新鲜空气，也有蚊虫和苍蝇闯入，所以直到二十世纪八十年代后期，电线杆上才开始张贴一些让人脸红的性病广告。同时我们也发现，确实有一些埋首疾行的人在深巷中按图索骥，寻找传说中的"老军医"帮助他/她解决难言之隐--谁叫当初"一洗了之"的那瓶液体还没有投入生产的呢。
事实上性病并非如宪政制度那样乃西方专利，在中国，它也有着久远的传统。清代同治皇帝据说就死于此类疾病，不过，因是皇家隐私，为尊者讳，悬疑至今，花柳、梅毒，抑或艾滋，莫衷一是。早期"海龟"方鸿渐，揣着假文凭回到祖国，然后被邀请去演讲，他的演讲题目就是《鸦片和梅毒》，都是"国粹"。
性病，尤其是艾滋的感染人口在中国正呈曲线上升态势，出于现实考虑，"安全套"作为新名词覆盖了"避孕套"，它的科学性在于时效性。这是一次识时务的词语革命。值得注意的还包括，前者不仅针对防病而言十分在理，对避孕而言也名副其实。所谓"该扎不扎，房倒屋塌；该流不流，扒房牵牛。"简直堪比地震。还有更可怕的，"一人超生，全村结扎！"这项古老的连坐制度危机群体生存，有了个套套，大家或可放心许多。当然，这些口号源于穷乡僻壤，并不具有普遍性，不过眼下的另一个现实问题也使得安全套必须大行其道，即一个孩子从出生到结婚生育的巨大支出所造就的生育恐惧，逼迫育龄男女对生育必须持慎之又慎的警备态度。
文明史和性的人
虽说有证据证明中国古代的青楼顾客曾使用鱼膘作为避孕套，但可能它仍然属于特例，加上材质(相对于现在使用橡胶、硅胶和聚亚安酯等等来说)的原始和笨拙，所以顶多算是一个聪明嫖客的重大发现，也不能将Condoms的发明权归为中国人所有。
事实上西方人最初也曾使用过鱼膘，还使用过动物小肠、子宫等替代品。但是，在中国因连年战乱人口锐减提倡"英雄母亲"那会儿，节育思想已在西方于公元前三世纪就被提了出来。古希腊人亚里斯多德从科技、哲学和经济的角度得出结论：无节制的生育只会给人类带来灾难。可想而知，他是一个鱼膘爱好者。
而避孕套的使用据说远在修建金字塔的古埃及时代就已被得到广泛地认同。
总之，在漫长的历史中，西方的人们苦于节育和性欲之间的矛盾，对避孕套做了不懈地探索，各种材质、各种方式都曾被使用。有如结扎一样，当时男人们更愿意让女人先用。各种女性安全套"子宫帽"应运而生。如著名的浪荡子卡萨诺瓦就曾发现将柠檬皮掏空后可以塞入女性身体里充当子宫帽。之后还有德国医生王尔德于1838年发明的"王尔德帽"。遗憾的是，女用安全套的种种努力迄今也未形成主流。
十五世纪，哥伦布的水手们把梅毒从美洲的海地带回了西班牙，一年后又传至法国、德国和瑞士。梅毒于是像记忆中的黑死病那样横扫了整个欧洲。十年后，病毒便扩散到了全球。于是，意大利帕多瓦大学的解剖学教授加布里瓦·法卢拜(1523〜1562年)发明了一种用亚麻布套制成的安全套。这个真正意义上的安全套发明者，在当时就已提出了完善的安全理念，他说，首先是为了预防性病，其次是用来避孕。1551〜1562年间，他曾对1100名各种类型使用这种避孕套的人进行了调查，结果令人满意。
不过，安全套的命名却得自17世纪英王查理二世的御医约瑟夫·康得姆的姓氏。它的原材料是小羊的盲肠，最佳产品的薄度可达0.038毫米(现在的乳胶保险套一般为0.030毫米)。这在当时是一件轰动全球的大喜事。Condom医生凭这项发明获得了爵位，英国也从中赚取大量外汇。这一命名显然与商业有关，商业需要商标，人们在各大港口进行贸易，便以Condom代指这一伟大的事物。"要吗？"水手站在船头问。"当然，我要很多。"商人站在码头上说。"没问题，Condoms。"
隔膜的客观存在
不过，即便是当年作为商品的Condoms也并不方便。英国人曾在英格兰中部达德利城堡其中一个塔的厕所内发现了一批被使用过的安全套。这些套子因是动物内脏，在干燥状态下有如木乃伊，即便当年使用，也需要使用液体泡软后方能使用。而且据说这些套子在当年洗净晾干后可以重复使用。
感谢现代科技，不仅有杰士邦、杜蕾斯、多乐士，还有"中央一套"。其品牌之繁多与花样之丰富相互对应。比如震动安全套，比如那种被称为"狼牙棒"的家伙，不仅弥补了男性的不足，也是基于为女性考虑的重大发明，其人道主义思想不言自明。作为商品，不仅可以在成人用品店，还可以在各大超市、便利店，以至于街头巷尾投币箱中获得。更多的时候我们不必购买，街道、村委、单位会像福利一样向我们分发。有时在街头漫步，冷不丁被个美女截获，然后有如被强奸那样被赠以安全套--这一反向或颠倒让人慌乱不堪继而浮想联翩以至兴致勃勃。毋庸置疑，这是一个趋向于文明的社会。
问题在于，当我们有如宿命那样注定要被安全套套牢之际，我们是否应该考虑：
我们得到了什么？
我们失去了什么？
男女之间的隔膜究竟是什么？
进而言之，现实与历史、国家与国家、人与自然、人与人之间有无必要亲密接触达到"你中有我我中有你"的极乐境界？
Condom: Just how "safe" http://www.sina.com.cn 2008 on 10 years 09 on 13:03 mangazine. Brands
Safety island
Not just on board, you only need a life
, God, man needs a shield
Afraid of jellyfish sting? Need to have anti-virus
Condoms, would you permit men want sexual pleasure, but also to ensure security?
Planning, implementation | Photo Editor creative | Zhao Wei-min
The 17th century, England doctor Joseph Kang Demu, sheep cecum into the appropriate length of the post-dried, wheat bran oil and its soft, up to become thin-like rubber. He is only the first in the world dedicated to the condom Charles II, Long Yan Yue great result. The Royal patent, has the benefit of men in the world. Condoms in order to have a doctor's family name Kang Demu name, Condom.
China to name the park, there are several common translation, such as "condoms" and "health kits", "condom." While these names and images more easily spread, but in understanding but left room for ambiguity: What is "safe"? How the "health"? Really "insurance"?
"New England Journal of Medicine" report, the use of condoms to prevent HIV failure rate of 16.7 percent; "medical and social sciences," the magazine said, the failure rate of 31%; the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and so on a number of medical and related government departments to a joint statement: There is no scientific evidence that condoms can be most effective in preventing sexually transmitted diseases.
Condoms were unsafe? In the end this is a men's self-deception, or the existing science and technology are really wits? Both want to indulge in nature and happy, and want of absolute safety, fish and bear's paw, can have both?
Shenzhen, China from the company, recently claimed that condoms can be used to challenge the international standards, to produce the brand more than all the other "security" of new products. Well, this is a kind of "technological innovation"? It's "spoiler", whether in the community will set off a heated debate whether to allow men into chaos and panic?
We interviewed the experts, to avoid the problem is "our country has a majority of the wisdom of working people as idiots."
Therefore, we have decided to improper idiot, and recommended that the men involved, to find out than the food security, greater financial security so that we are concerned about the chaos of the topic.
<Technical>
According to the "New England Journal of Medicine" reported that the use of condoms to combat AIDS, the failure rate of 16.7 percent; Britain, "Social Science Medicine," published in the Journal of the failure rate is 31%; there was no scientific evidence that condoms could effectively prevent the majority of Transmitted diseases. The use of natural latex condoms, natural cracks in between the nano-5-7000, and the AIDS virus is about 120 nanometer in diameter. Therefore, even if the proper use of condoms, there are still likely to be infected with sexually transmitted diseases.
Security is a trap?
Wen | Order plume, Li Ting, Wang Yi
Condoms, how "security"?
A "Do you think that 'condom' in the 'security' means?" Vote in the near future is quite popular in the SNS website "happy network" launched. The results showed that: 146 participants, 70% of the people that can be isolated sperm; that 52% of the general spread of the virus can be isolated; 58% think that the isolation of HIV, 28% through sexual contact with other viruses, such as B Liver can also be isolated; 40% of those who chose to Daitao blocking sperm, bacteria, viruses and other can be spread through sexual contact material, this is the "security" meaning; 33% of people say that any of the Material can not be 100% isolation, but is better than not.
The site for the user's white-collar workers, students and the media, educational level is relatively high. There are participants in the message: a separate body fluids, the natural transmission of the virus would not have had. Some people judge the way: the prevention of AIDS since the ambassador will take to the streets to distribute condoms to do publicity, it should be able to Daitao description of the Fang Yi.
Is that true?
"≠ condoms, condoms," the banners hanging in the Valley satisfied the company's Web site first. This is a self-produced the "world's first anti-virus condom", current annual production of 150,000,000, "Green Lemon" and "F Yuet Hong Ji" brand in the market. At the moment are looking for strategic investors, concerned about the Bill Gates Foundation, Fang Yi had contact with them.
How unsafe condoms? According to the "New England Journal of Medicine" reported that the use of condoms to combat AIDS, the failure rate of 16.7 percent; Britain, "Social Science Medicine," published in the Journal of the failure rate is 31%; in 2001 by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the United States Agency for International Development (US-AID) had been jointly set up a special team, with the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) jointly : 85% of condoms can reduce the risk of HIV infection; there was no scientific evidence that condoms can be most effective in preventing sexually transmitted diseases.
要快乐还是要安全？ The answer should be yes, both.
He Ru principle?
Yan'an-Xi'an Jiaotong University is the second Affiliated Hospital of liver disease, sexually transmitted diseases expert, the State Family Planning Commission is also a member of the Committee of Experts on the technology, professionals engaged in the work of infectious diseases for 26 years. He explained that: Many say that to patients, their day-to-day has been very careful attention to every sexual relations have taken protective measures, or can be contracted sexually transmitted diseases. The State Family Planning Commission from a number of research projects and a large number of foreign access to the information learned: the use of condoms is currently on the market of the material is natural latex, the natural cracks in between the nano-5-7000. Human sperm head is about the diameter of the nano-5000, the AIDS virus is about 120 nanometer in diameter, the diameter of human papilloma virus in the 45-55 nanometer between the hepatitis B virus large spherical particles with a diameter of 42 nanometer. A variety of viruses is far less than the volume of natural latex natural cracks, so even the proper use of condoms, it is possible to become infected with sexually transmitted diseases.
Four-dimensional Yantai Hi-Tech Co., Ltd. biochemical way to draw in the first Yan'an Xi'an Jiaotong University Medical College Second Affiliated Hospital, with the real hepatitis B virus has made a comparison of condoms through the experiment: randomly on the market of the three most common brands of condoms, And four-dimensional by the Yantai Hi-Tech Co., Ltd. biochemical "Steiner Valley" technology "lemon green" brand condoms together to form a test group. By the virus quantitative PCR experiments were carried out 1,5,10,15,30,45-minute sampling and found that: the traditional condom inside the virus in 10 minutes to penetrate the condom outside of the negative serum, the virus that do not have to do 100% effective prevention; and go through the same test repeatedly, "Green Lemon" brand condoms outside the negative serum always negative. Conclusion: Yantai Hi-Tech Co., Ltd. Production of four-dimensional satisfied condom Valley in the experiment can be 100% effective in preventing hepatitis B virus infection through sexual means. "Hepatitis B virus smaller than the AIDS virus, hepatitis B since the barrier to show more barrier to HIV." Satisfied Valley technology company R & D manager Fu Qiang added.
This "anti-virus condom" The right way so that the special nature not? Fu Qiang "Steiner Valley," the core technology to do the introduction: "Valley satisfied the new anti-virus features of condoms mainly in 4 areas: prevention of sexually transmitted diseases, to avoid potential carcinogenic risks, to reduce allergic reactions and protect the health of women. Specific, our core technology are mainly two: First, 'natural latex gap aperture composite nano-filled cross-linking technology', the other is the natural plant extracts. We have more than 10 kinds of natural plant extracts in a useful material through four Will be dipping natural latex-coated membrane in the middle of the formation of three films. To use a 'natural latex compound aperture gap filler technology nanometer cross-linked' to ensure that condoms membrane-nano-aperture 40; on the other hand, in addition to the physical barrier on the virus and Bacteria, but also through the plant floor of the positive and negative charge each other, take the initiative and absorption inactivated, so as to be able to more effectively prevent sexually transmitted diseases, in particular the spread of AIDS; Third, the natural layer extracts the human body and has played a latex membrane separation , Latex can be avoided in the process of vulcanization nitrosamines, as well as the allergen protein natural rubber in direct contact with the human body. Vaginal women with PH value of similar properties, but also to address the general impact of female condoms were alkaline vaginal environment Problem. "
High-speed driving, braking important
Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine Affiliated Hospital of the virus in the second experiment, in the People's Liberation Army Hospital 302 have reached the same conclusion. Shenzhen in October last year, the high pay at the meeting, the Valley's more satisfied this medical experiments carried out on-site simulation: technical staff will be simulated body fluid into the yellow-satisfied with the number of international biological and chemical condom brand condoms at the same time immersed in liquid in a white mock virus. After 3 minutes, the traditional solution of condoms began to change color to prove that white liquid through traditional analog virus membrane condoms into the set of internal and generate significant color reaction; and the use of biological and chemical na-patented technology The production of a new type of condom is no response, the simulation proved that white liquid did not penetrate the virus. The site attracted quite a number of experimental shock, "Hong Kong Commercial Daily", "Wen Wei Po" and 6 sets of CCTV on November 17 last year, the "Anti-virus technology" to carry out its programs have been reported.
Na-chairman, is also a four-dimensional Yantai Hi-Tech Co., Ltd., vice chairman of the biochemical Wu Jing Jin, is the "Cultural Revolution" after the first group of college students, graduated from the Dalian University of Technology Department of Mechanical Engineering, in 1984 the United States to study business administration, for home after Group of 39 held senior positions after the investment company to do business on its own. The new investment for the production of condoms, he appears to be full of confidence. As far as he disclosed that the Valley has satisfied with the Bangladesh Ministry of Health and the AIDS Committee has made contact, on the other side is very interested in this new type of condom, the invitation-sheng to promote sales. Steiner Valley also intends to go to Bangladesh for domestic elusive AIDS-related experiments, such as the African Union to the AIDS situation more serious expansion of third world countries.
Qingdao former director of the old rubber factory tours Zhou, executive director of the National Association of latex. He led the plant has nearly 30 years of experience in the production of condoms, he has been truly concerned about the safety of the "condom" research and development. In the weeks director of view, sexual pleasure, as brought about by high-speed driving pleasure; and security, just like at the foot of the brake. "Braking, the importance of safe driving." Technically, the Valley's satisfied born Heng Kong "Green Lemon", is that the quality and safety of the brake it? This is perhaps the only, only you know.
Durex, Trojan, read the safety http://www.sina.com.cn 2008 Jieshi Bang 10 years on 09 on 13:03 mangazine. Brands
= Shampoo shampoo, condoms, condoms ≠?
Jieshi Bang Tang Xiangyang brand, general manager of the Jie Shibang hygiene products Co., Ltd.
Tao Jun Durex brand, SSL China, the Group Marketing Director
Hou Yi possession of Troy brands, cut late Dewey Beijing's trade marketing manager
mangazine brand names: condoms and condom difference in the end?
Tang Xiangyang: The concept is the same, just different expressions. The original Chinese name is the standard used condoms, contraceptive stressed that the main function. Today, the spread of AIDS in the renamed condoms, closer to international claims.
Tao Jun: This is just the same product in different view. Like shampoo and shampoo are all the same shampoo, different people in different regions may have different name. In China there are "condoms" and "condom" name two, people in Taiwan said "condom", almost all other countries in the use of the English name: condom. It seems to me that the internal name is different with the development of the times. The first people to use condoms, contraceptive mainly intended to prevent unwanted pregnancies. Later, the development of the times, the emotional life more and more diverse, sexually transmitted diseases, AIDS, such as the spread of infectious diseases, causing people to raise the safety awareness. Therefore, more condoms on a layer of meaning: to prevent the unnecessary spread of infectious diseases. As a result, "condom", said the law generally up. But the final analysis, the product is the same thing, condoms = condoms.
Hou Yi possession: just a different name, products, in the form, content and meaning of a concept. Like glass and glass, is essentially the same. With China's gradual opening up of sexually transmitted diseases, AIDS in China and there is a worsening trend, so compared to promote "condom" is called. Now the packaging of goods or the name of "condoms" but will improve for "condom."
mangazine brand name: the market selling a variety of condoms to prevent sexually transmitted diseases can be really, AIDS, infectious diseases such as hepatitis B do? Now available in the market whether condoms can be absolutely safe?
Tang Xiangyang: condoms is known to prevent HIV is relatively simple and effective way, no one can say anything is absolutely safe. As far as I know, in Thailand, Vietnam and other countries to promote the "100 per cent security", has greatly reduced sexually transmitted diseases such as AIDS incidence.
Tao Jun: Of course, condoms can prevent sexually transmitted diseases, AIDS, hepatitis B infection, such as the spread of the virus, which is one of the condoms with their missions. But I believe that no one dare say that condoms can be 100 per cent absolute security, there are many factors that lead to mistakes, such as the improper use; for example, you encounter a defective and so difficult to forecast too many factors, unless You do not have sexual contact that can be absolute security ah. So far only said that the condom is the most effective prevention of sexually transmitted diseases, HIV infection, such as the spread of the virus.
Hou Yi possession: we can not say that condoms are absolutely safe, but if you use the right, every time, and is assured of the quality of condoms, is safe.
Condoms, is a human fantasy 10 years http://www.sina.com.cn 2008 on 09 on 13:03 mangazine. Brands
Kim Bi-level instrument psychologist, Beijing Wen Shinsaibashi, director of the counseling
Li Yinhe researcher at the Institute of Sociology of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
Wang hut "psychological" magazine senior editor
<Social>
Some people may worry about the safety of condoms on a wide range of seminars was caused by panic and confusion. However, I think, would not discuss the result of fear and confusion --
Wang hut "psychological" magazine chief, a senior editor of the topic
If condoms are impregnable security effectiveness, it should be sold with almost the price of Viagra
Brought about by the condom less trouble you? Such a discussion in the adult level, perhaps some of Pediatrics. But since we are discussing it, a topic on which there is a certain reason: today's how eager we were safe sex.
Condoms to the woman's body brought to a certain extent on the production of "security", but equal to condoms condoms, is one of our illusions. I think they have never been a concept. We may be safe, but there is no absolute security. The reality is that our bodies get more and more free, but we like the joy of the accompanying video, may be dangerous. My girlfriend, there are two people with a pregnant presentation is; my friends of the opposite sex, and there is also a Miss Cloud on the move. "I brought the set!" I still clearly remember he had this to say when the expression of despair and fear. We human flesh seems to be a curse Shi, the presentation, we believe that it is bringing security, but it let us in the place of fear and strike back.
Condoms as impregnable as the safety of the dam idea may be defeated at some point in our lives. If there is such a safe condom efficacy, I think it should be sold with almost the price of Viagra. It is the biggest barrier function of the egg with the sperm of date. As the market is now colorful barbed needle with a variety of "condom", I prefer to believe that they can stimulate enhanced to improve the quality of sex, is not 100% safety of the dam. It can really stop anything? Can not count on it to make us fear the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV, and in this regard, I see the data that the report of the high failure rate, and some evidence from the transfer of data, it may not be completely effective in preventing any A spread of sexually transmitted diseases.
Condom know if it is safe to the public is a Enze
Today, the adult love relationship has been very complicated, and we finally realized our animals, we have the courage to have sex in the release of our animals, but we will be able to enjoy the joy at the same time get a 100 per cent safe Certificate it? I do not know if there is no such a measure or such a presentation. There are so many people seem to enjoy a happy but safe and clean, how should I say this? But overall, I am pessimistic. Not necessarily you, I may not be, nor is he or she. However, not necessarily just. The danger is always there. If there is a kind of security to ensure that the "condom", I think it's one that is faithful and stable partnership, is the best measures to protect themselves - and many of us believe that the same sex partner can not pleasure-seeking , But not necessarily a matter of fact. Sexual access to all the effort, skill does not matter how important, both men and women are so; it is our brain the concept of the more important. To know that the brain is also very important sex organ! With regard to sexual, and I think we can partner with a development of very deep, very deep.
Some people may worry about the safety of condoms on a wide range of seminars was caused by panic and confusion. However, I think, would not discuss the result of fear and confusion - 2003, SARS sudden, I was working and living in Shenzhen, ignorance and fear, I believe all the rumors, I have money to buy a bottle of 100 white vinegar - Our fear is from the unknown and ignorance. Why do not discuss it? If the condom is absolutely safe, the result of extensive discussions that we all used to; if the condom is not absolutely safe, it has the potential to allow sperm and sexually transmitted diseases at the same time slipping through the net onto our bodies, then let the public know the fact that a Enze So that more people may not do high-risk sex. Discussion is needed, but also extensive. I believe that, even if proved to discuss the presentation is not 100 percent safe, it will not affect the presentation of sales - the success ratio of condoms or contraception is very high.
Safe Sex, is better than not set a good set of
Modern society has the concept of love and great changes have taken place, increasing openness, it should not suppress their desires, but must first protect themselves, but now they do not have condoms and safer than the products and has modalities.
Li Yinhe researcher at the Institute of Sociology of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
Kim Bi-level instrument psychologist, Beijing Wen Shinsaibashi, director of the counseling
mangazine brand name: How do you view the safety of condom-related discussions?
Li Yinhe: I think this discussion is necessary in the past in the newspaper to see a lot of discussion in this regard, it is said that condoms are not enough to ward off some of the technical virus infectious diseases, like HIV is very small, it is possible Through the condom, and so on, but as far as I know, the world of infectious diseases such as AIDS prevention campaigns or all will be well with condoms, use condoms, regardless of whether the condom is absolutely safe, with no better than good.
Kim completed the instrument: the need for security, for fear of insecurity would like to discuss the adoption in order to get other people from "safe" commitment to make their own peace of mind; or to be "unsafe" to confirm the identity of their worries; perhaps Some come from the discussion so that more secure way to ⋯ ⋯ All in all, with any "security" related topics people are always too many.
mangazine brand name: Do you think the condom is a condom with the concept of it?
Li Yinhe: the meaning of different ah, although things can be a thing, but I feel sure that representatives of different significance. In the past, we only contraceptive condoms this function, but with social development, people's marriage, love and sex, Eat Drink Man Woman, and so the idea of major changes have taken place, increasing openness, but at the same time have a negative Is the effect of sexually transmitted diseases, AIDS infection and the rampant spread of the virus. That is why we now say that not only condoms, and promote the use of condoms, which many security features of this second sense. Contraceptives and condoms can not be equal to its function and social significance of the concept is clearly different.
Kim completed the instrument: I am not a condom experts, though not particularly with the definition of professional language, but literally, as I understand it, Zheliang the meaning of the word meaning it is not the same. Why condoms only for birth control, and condoms are not some broader ah, excluding contraception for sexual intercourse was also to provide a safer and protect the health of the meaning of it.
mangazine brand name: In your opinion, condoms really safe? The market's sell all kinds of condoms can really do to prevent infectious diseases?
Li Yinhe: I think that should be said to have played a special role, but can not say that absolute security. Now medical experts are not fully substantiated the absolute protection of condoms, newspapers often have such a new theory of the new study controversy and discussion, but have not been able to do more than existing products, condoms and safer way. So it's a use or necessary. If absolute security, of course, that abstinence is only because there will be any risk of contact.
Kim completed the instrument: I believe that no matter what safety measures, the so-called security is relative. For example, for condom, I would like to take over more security without it, either birth control or disease prevention, all with than without security, but should be a lot of security.
mangazine brand names: modern society, people's emotional life has become even more complex and diversified, in your view, how the people in the pleasure at the same time to protect themselves?
Li Yinhe: we must pay attention to the safety of life, advocated by the West is "safe sex". And the desire to die, of course, life is the most important, in order to satisfy the desire not to disregard anything to be able to get a fatal illness. It should not suppress their desires, but must first protect themselves, now is the best way to secure the use of condoms.
mangazine brand names: Experts have pointed out that condoms on the safety of the discussion was not very good, easy to cause panic and chaos, how do you see?
Li Yinhe: I think that should be discussed and the need for serious discussion. The condom is safe or not is not just a technical issue, which relates to people's lifestyle and health awareness, every one of us has a bearing on the immediate interests: physical and mental health, life and safety. Of course people should be concerned about this issue to go to the discussion, demonstration, to obtain the truth. No matter what the discussion itself, or should we let people know the facts first, understand the facts. Completely and honestly the truth is that we should have the right, then we truly own in the face of others and tolerance. But I think the facts should help to eliminate the panic and does not understand the real facts will cause panic, as if the same plane, you can not say that the plane is certainly safe, you should tell people this way is also his insecurity, the media Frequently on a variety of accident reports, but we are not from this plane is not.
Kim completed the instrument: Well, some of our experts can not help much, a condom is safe As for the discussions to cause panic and chaos? China has the wisdom of the broad masses of working people when ah idiot? Moreover, fear of a wide range of experts to discuss their academic enough to have a correct attitude, people feel that they are clever than you? Is it their first panic, chaos ah?
6 large sex advice 10 years http://www.sina.com.cn 2008 on 09 on 13:03 mangazine. Brands
Rigid side doctorate in sociology, are taught at Beijing Forestry University College of Humanities and Social Science
In any case, condom education in how sex education is not only how to better protect their own education. Condom education is not necessary to change the classroom bedroom, changing desks marriage bed, only to let young people healthier and more responsible.
Rigid side doctorate in sociology, are taught at Beijing Forestry University College of Humanities and Social Science
Condoms, but it seems to me to a different concept of "matter" of a weight. The safety of condoms, on the surface, as well as the quality of products and tools related to performance, which is of the essence of values, the values of sex education on the other.
First, a small number of people on values. If condoms are safe, less against the purchase of sexual services, the fight against male homosexual sex, more sex partners in the fight against actors, and so on the pretext of the act. Some of us now to AIDS as a banner for these acts should be severely condemned and fought. If condoms are safe, these acts will not spread sexually transmitted diseases do not spread AIDS, is purely a private matter, which also crack down on what to do?
Repeat sex education values. U.S. education sector targeted education, there are two different schools. The two schools, in today's China also has been formed. Shouzhen one of which is sex education, stressed that young people can not have sex, it is also of the view that unsafe condoms, condoms, said the safety of even a very low rate against the use of condom education, which is to encourage young people having sex . The other is a comprehensive sex education, stressed that minors having sex is not the best, but if take place, it is necessary to use condoms. For this camp, the condom is a reliable tool for self-protection, in teaching that will teach students how to use condoms.
We might as well take a look at a few years on the condom into the universities, secondary schools into the social debate.
Before and after 2000, Chinese media have revolved around "condom vending machines should be whether the university" heated discussion. As a result, to the university campus in general can see that the end condoms in vending machines. Condom "into" a university, and society as a whole is on the promotion of condom use awareness of the link, on the other hand, describes the sexual behavior of college students on social tolerance.
After four or five years, from 2004 to 2005, the media appeared on "whether condoms should enter secondary school" discussion. The main focus of attention is the use of condoms in sex education should enter secondary school classroom. The argument against the condom "into" the voice of the mainstream school, in my view, this shows the public the same community can not accept and tolerate secondary school students having sex. Because for many people, an important assumption is: to teach students how to use condoms, is the recognition of their sexual behavior. And it seems to me that things can not simply look at this.
Opposition to condoms "into the" secondary side, put forward a number of perspectives. It seems to me that these views can be broadly classified as two types: one is in fear of sex education in secondary schools, one is in secondary school education in the use of condoms for fear. It should be said that the former has been the basic fear is not a mainstream point of view, in the face of rising incidence of secondary school students having sex, an increasing number of teenage pregnancies, school teachers and parents in general should be authorized to start sex education . However, to refute opposition to the use of condoms in secondary schools an educational point of view not so simple.
1. Condoms for education does not mean that sexually suggestive, and this seems to us how to fire prevention, fire fighting education does not mean that the same set fire to permit the educated. We do not carry condoms, students would still like to have sex when they make love, not because there is no such "implied" not having sex.
2. Sex education in our country behind, but that does not affect our condom education. Condom education is just a part of sex education. Can not be a talk about sex education in schools on how to use condoms, others do not.
3. If education were opposed to condoms, because there is no clear opposition to its significance, should be given serious note. Have been opposed to sex education, this is not acceptable to the majority of people have been it? Opponents right, just that we did not do the work place.
4. Do not imagine there is a sex education so that young people can immediately deny having sex is normal Cognition. The desire of young people, blocking is of no use, the provision of condoms to lose the lead.
5. Ignorance can not boast. At this age, in and around the community of the same age group generally very interested in the nature of the times, "know nothing" does not mean that tomorrow all of a sudden "enlightened." We can not judge the day they "pass" can only take preventive measures. The correct use of condom education, will not affect their study and life.
6. Simply to prohibit sex sexual intercourse has been proved to be a failure. The use of condom education, youth culture is a sense of responsibility, is simply to make up for the prohibition of sex intercourse. If you must have sex, safe sex is responsible sexual behavior.
In any case, condom education in how sex education is not only how to better protect their own education. Condom education is not necessary to change the classroom bedroom, changing desks marriage bed, only to let young people healthier and more responsible.
"A set of" no better than to a set of security.
We have always been closely http://www.sina.com.cn 2008 hold-up 10 years on 09 on 13:03 mangazine. Brands
Sweden's Lund University Museum collection in 1813 bearing the Latin manuals of condoms
Outside investment, in addition to Diufen also easily lead to loss of life
<Historic>
In fact, such as sexually transmitted diseases is not a constitutional system as the West is a patent in China, it has a long tradition. Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty emperor is said to have died of such diseases, however, is a result of the Royal privacy, in order to make known as Thera, the suspense so far. The early "sea turtles" in Hong-jian, Chuaizhao fake diploma to return to the motherland, and then be invited to lecture, his speech is the subject of "opium and syphilis."
Text | Cao Kou map | corbis
The word revolution
Non-condom to prevent pregnancy in the form of drugs, mainly used in sexual intercourse in preventing human egg and sperm to prevent pregnancy. In addition, there is also the prevention of gonorrhea, and AIDS (HIV), such as the spread of sexually transmitted diseases.
In the West this thing called Condom, no need to distinguish between, there is no ambiguity. However, as Yang Yang Huo and nails of the same from abroad, in China earlier been described as pure "condoms." I think that the planning and reproductive system may be "the stuff" was named "condom" in the cause. But this proved time and again, this is classified as a strict system of law is still weak and large and small loophole, as "a bright and sunny day," Ma Xiaojun, the only burst of condoms, and his younger brother is a chance of Life, but "to seek survival in the gap" was a necessary consensus. Instead of saying "be able to bounce back the guerrillas" in the fight and Family Planning Commission, and Song Dandan than Andrew condoms in the magnificent ceremony as the balloon (or ligation), is also in the broader context of "seeking to survive in the cracks."
Do not over-pregnant! Condoms so that the loud slogans, and the only sentence. This is true, then said to the people of a very simple life, without full consideration of a preventive role. Unfortunately, the times to open the doors and windows, in addition to breathe fresh air, there are mosquitoes and flies into, it was not until the late 1980s, utility poles began to put up some of the people blush of sexually transmitted diseases ads. At the same time, we also found that some people obsessed with Ji Xing Shen Xiang in the Chinese try to locate smth to find the legendary "old military doctor" to help him / her to solve telling - Why did the original "a wash" out of the bottle of liquid was also It's not in production.
In fact, such as sexually transmitted diseases is not a constitutional system as the West is a patent in China, it has a long tradition. Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty emperor is said to have died of such diseases, however, is a result of the Royal privacy, in order to make known as Thera, the suspense so far, Salix, syphilis, or HIV, today. Early "sea turtles" in Hong-jian, Chuaizhe fake diploma to return to the motherland, and then be invited to lecture, his speech is the subject of "opium and syphilis," are "national essence."
Sexually transmitted diseases, especially HIV infection in the population in China is rising curve was for real, "condom" as covered by the new term "condom", which is the scientific nature of time-sensitive. This is a revolution in terms of the Current Affairs insight. It is worth noting also that the former is not only for a very reasonable terms of disease prevention, in terms of contraception is also worthy of the name. The so-called "root of the non-binding, Fangdaowuta; the stream does not flow, Grill nil." Simply comparable to the earthquake. There are even more terrifying, "one person be able to bounce back, the village ligation!" The old system even take groups to survive the crisis, with a presentation, or you can rest assured that many. Of course, these slogans from the remote is not universal, but at the moment is another reality also makes condoms must have been in great demand, that is, a child from birth to marriage fertility created by the enormous expenditure of the birth of fear, forced men and women of child-bearing age children must be Hold the cautious attitude of the guard.
The history of civilization and of the people
Although there is evidence that the ancient Chinese Brothel customers had used condoms as a fat fish, but it is still a special case, together with the material (as opposed to now the use of rubber, silicone and polyurethane, and so on for) and primitive clumsy So at best be regarded as a smart clients of the important discoveries, inventions Condoms can not go to the right of all Chinese people.
In fact the first in the West have used fat fish, animals used by the small intestine, uterus, and other alternatives.