In 2008 recalled that the world scientific and technological development of biotechnology
2009/1/19/10: 20 Source: Science and Technology Daily
     A number of breakthroughs in the United States, significant results occur repeatedly. The successful use of living cells to enable the heart to resume beating death, creating the world's largest synthetic DNA, the first time directly to a somatic cell into another somatic cell, the cell unionist concept, create a "fake" virus manage real virus,培植出red blood cells and other cells.

     At the beginning of January 2008, the United States biologists obtained a major breakthrough in two: the adoption of the "acellular" of treatment, the animal carcasses into the living heart cells, the success of the heart to resume beating death; through synthetic bacteria Mycoplasma genitalium JCVI - 1.0 in 582,970 base pairs, successful manufacture of the complete bacterial genome, created the world's largest organization of synthetic DNA.

     January achieved other important biological research achievements include:

     Variability produced anthrax toxins, can be more effective to kill melanoma, but also the fight against colon cancer and lung cancer and other cancers.

     Found to be infected with avian and human viruses of the key differences between the receptor --- shape, with the umbrella of influenza virus receptor-binding in order to infect humans. This will help monitor the evolution of the avian flu strain, influenza vaccine development.

     Using RNA interference technology to identify infection and AIDS are closely related to 273 genes, to develop a list of related proteins can be forecast with HIV specific proteins needed for reproduction, development and interaction of the protein to carry out new drugs.

     Identified in the human cell surface protein molecules Teth Juan erin, HIV particles can be attached to the mother cell's outer membrane, the mutant virus to prevent proliferation. The discovery is expected to open new fields of virology research, for the future to pave the way for drug research.

     Successfully do not harm human embryos in the circumstances to obtain embryonic stem cells may be related to avoid the ethical controversy of embryonic stem cells is expected to accelerate the clinical medical research.

     The use of somatic cell nuclear transfer technology, using donated eggs and the male skin cells successfully cloned embryo 5 individuals, this breakthrough will enable the manufacture of patient-specific stem cells possible.

     Will control the synthesis of tetanus toxin gene implanted in mice nerve cells, by regulating the toxin activity, the development of free mice brain circuit switching technology. This will be to explore the brain memory and learning ability of the important research tools.

     In March, found in the cell transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules in the preservation of the structure of some of the early evolutionary history and the most important message in support of the virus originated in the cell domain theory.

     Found to make a decision on whether the proliferation of breast cancer and evolved into a deadly cancer protein --- SATB1, it can change the breast cancer cells more than 1000 kinds of gene expression level.

     In April, Stanford University has revealed the evolution of different species of placental origin, represents the formation and regulation of embryonic genes evolutionary history, indicating that the evolution of the placenta gene constantly adjust itself, the formation of species-specific gene, in order to adapt to mice, elephants, human and other the needs of different species propagation. This is the first concern of global gene expression in embryos, to fill a gap in the field are ignored.

     Sino-US joint scientists released the first papaya genome draft, which will study the evolution of flowering plants to provide new information.

     University of Texas, the United States and Australia counterparts from more than 70 years ago was officially announced extinction thylacine (also known as the Tasmanian tiger) extracted isolated gene implantation mouse embryo and show function, which is extinct types Gene the first time in living organisms on another function to prove that the extinction of animal DNA are likely to be activated.

     In May, the United States Rockefeller University, the use of new special microscope, the first real-time and directly witnessed the living cells from a single molecule in the cell surface of numerous combinations of HIV particle formation process, is expected to help scientists to develop AIDS treatment methods, to re-examine on AIDS virus research.

     U.S. researchers confirmed that the target nucleic acid molecules carrying microspheres dendritic cells can be re-programmed to turn off the immune system for the manufacture of insulin β-cell attack, the study is expected to type Ⅰ diabetic patients for clinical trials.

     In June, the United States Whitehead Biomedical found that some cancer cells can release "Osteopontin", the protein will "wake up" dormant cancer cells in vivo. The findings help to understand and prevent the proliferation of cancer cells in the body.

     U.S. researchers successfully obtained a can stimulate neural stem cells develop into nerve cells of the small molecule Isx-9, for the nerve regenerative medicine and brain cancer chemotherapy has provided an important foundation.

     Johns Hopkins University found that individuals outside the DNA sequence of genetic markers with change over time, acquired such a change may explain the late-onset diseases such as cancer causes.

     University of Pennsylvania has developed a new type of "DNA vaccines" succeeded in laboratory animals at the same time a wide range of avian influenza virus strains have a wide range of immune response against a variety of bird flu virus. In July, the United States Stony Brook State University of New York through the re -

     The new polio virus with the genetic code, to create a nature there is no "false" the polio virus. Animal experiments show that the "fake" virus inactivated vaccine could play a role, so that mice raise real virus immunity. This result is expected for the development of new vaccines.

     The first successful American scientists to map out the first complete high-resolution map of human cerebral cortex nerve system can display the image of the human cerebral cortex neurons in a variety of activities and composition, will unlock the mystery of human brain activity to provide the most direct tools and instruments.

     U.S. Department of Energy's Argonne National Laboratory and the cooperation between China and Singapore counterparts, the success of H5N1 avian influenza virus was the most important --- RNA polymerase a protein crystal structure and characteristics and found that can block this protein in the PB1 and PA subunits of these two combination, we can prevent the H5N1 virus replication, thus expected to be found to deal with avian influenza virus of new drugs or vaccines.

     U.S. University of Texas Medical School developed with the activity of antibodies can identify almost all the different forms of HIV, solved the problem of HIV variability. In August, the U.S. company Advanced Cell Technology to use embryonic stem cells, red blood cells培植出, mankind would be possible to conclude from this donation.

     U.S. scientists use X-ray imaging technology, successfully obtained the key parts of influenza virus protein --- influenza A virus NS1 protein in the human protein target with a combination of part of the three-dimensional structure, the outcome is expected to help develop to deal with including the deadly avian influenza in within a wide range of influenza drugs.

     Harvard University and the University of Kagoshima, Japan succeeded in bringing a pig kidney transplant baboons survived 83 days, set a new organ transplant xenogeneic animals survived the highest on record, making use of pig offal for human organ transplants to dream again to move forward.

     Through the use of "direct the reorganization of" technology, the U.S. scientists mice pancreas constitute about 95 percent% of the original exocrine secretion of enzymes into cells to produce insulin success of islet β cells, this is the first time without using embryonic stem cells, directly will be a somatic cell into another cell.
     U.S. scientists have cracked the growth process in the majority of cancer plays a key role of telomerase in secret, in order to develop new anti-cancer drug has opened up a new way.

     Swedish scientists found that the United States and control of invasive cancer and survival ability of transforming growth factor-b (TGF-b) a new signal path, dependent on TGF for breast cancer and prostate cancer, such as cancer research has opened up a new direction .

     In September, the United States put forward a unified molecular view of cells --- only 68 molecular building blocks are used to construct cells in four basic components: nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), protein, polysaccharide and lipid, and icons Act marked all the main components of cells. Just as Mendeleev's periodic table of chemical research as an important role in the cell biologist visual icon will provide a new research framework.

     U.S. scientists have completed plate silk worm genome sequencing complete. Pan is a natural silk worms most primitive multi-cellular biological one, the results will be the evolution of all higher animal research to provide a new draw.

     U.S. researchers developed isolated from the tumor cancer stem cells and found that cancer stem cells, protein identification. The results help to lock the target cancer cells and kill in order to develop in order to target cancer stem cells for new therapies.

     American scientists to map out a detailed map of gene mutation for deeper understanding of the two most deadly diseases: pancreatic cancer and glioblastoma.

     U.S. Pacific Biological Sciences September 30 companies displaying the latest R & D success of the personal genome sequencing prototype, size similar to domestic microwave oven, can be completed within 15 minutes in genome sequencing, the cost of only 1000 U.S. dollars.

     In October, the U.S. scientists succeed in the delivery of nano-particles with a deadly diphtheria toxin gene, "以毒攻毒" complete killing of pancreatic cancer cells.

     University of Texas at Austin found that horizontal gene jumping also occurs in mammals and amphibians found that the HAT Transposon way through incidentally virus in millions of years ago to the horizontal transfer of certain species.

     In November, the United States the first time, biologists discovered a new class of motor protein HARP, it can "rewind" double-stranded DNA molecules are not entangled in some part, to prevent the expression of key genes. The findings help to understand the result of a rare autoimmune seats Domke more bone dysplasia the molecular mechanism of genetic disorders.

     U.S. scientists decode the first time, an acute myeloid leukemia cancer patients a complete genome, to identify a series of "new" gene, which found that contribute to a better understanding of cancer genetic pathology, to better clear the way to treat cancer.

     U.S. scientists have successfully rebuild the SARS virus. The future of the reconstruction of the SARS virus testing, and then to find an effective SARS vaccines and therapies. U.S. neurobiologist found that adult brain

     Element and reshaping their own connections, to overturn a century of traditional knowledge, to understand the cerebral cortex circuit to explore the potential flexibility and brain and cognitive-related high-level regional ignited new hope.

     In December, U.S. scientists in the study found that memory is likely not all be completed by the brain, but is stored in the DNA, that "cell memory." When the DNA damage, some cells of "Memory" will gradually lost, this could explain why human memory and the attenuation increases with age.

     U.S. hospital in Cleveland, the first U.S. cases of facial transplant for a woman to replace the 80%% of the facial skin, and transplantation of bone, teeth, muscles and nerves, and so far the world's largest and most complex facial transplant.

     California Institute of Technology to capture and record the Drosophila embryo cell migration "complex dance," explained a key gene mutations affect the normal development of embryos to enable scientists to interpret the characteristics of gene mutation to become a reality.

     U.S. scientists have cracked the long-haired mammoth 80%% of the genome, which will contribute to the reconstruction of the extinction of animal genome, or can make it back to nature.

     United States and the Czech geneticist in mice and fruit flies to identify the formation of two species gene --- Prdm9 and separation factor in disguise, they can inhibit the reproduction of different species, the ability of future generations, driving the emergence of new species. Which, Prdm9 is caused by mice subspecies hybrid offspring born to male infertility "culprit" This is the first found in mammalian gene, confirmed the change in the species gene plays an important role in the formation of speculation . Separation of disguise factor led to the two sub-species of Drosophila produce hybrid offspring when the male. These two studies found that more species for the future to pave the way for the formation of genes.

     U.S. Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research will be successful in the process of genetic recombination in the required number of viruses from four down to one, which greatly simplified the induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) generation, in a single virus was the iPS the field of new technologies, the elimination of potentially harmful viruses and made significant progress.

     Britain won a number of significant progress, animal hybrid embryos were produced and found that bacterial cells "dangerous pressure center "---" elements", the first customized organs "tracheal reconstruction" operation successful, the first rule out the possibility of breast cancer risk "design babies" born bred.

     In 2008, the British University of Newcastle from human skin cells extracted from the nucleus, the empty egg implanted in cattle and successfully produced the first British individual animal hybrid embryos. This solution is expected to cultivate embryonic therapeutic cloning research in the lack of human egg cells, in order to find the treatment of Alzheimer's, Parkinson's disease and other problems create the conditions for disease. Shortly thereafter, the British House of Commons by 336 votes to 176 votes to reject the ban on animal hybrid embryos to cultivate people's proposal.

     British scientists found that a complete double-stranded DNA molecule without any physical contact or chemical substances to help, we can identify with it a similar distance chain and each other together, thus increasing the homologous gene recombination of accuracy and efficiency. The study found that cancer, such as Alzheimer's error caused by similar genetic diseases is very important.

     British scientists first discovered bacterial cells "dangerous pressure center "---" elements", it can issue operational instructions, so that cells in the face of danger to immediately take "action" to avoid injury. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the basic survival mechanism of micro-organisms.

     From the United Kingdom, Italy and Spain, the three research team comprised of scientists in part by the use of adult stem cell technology cultured trachea, a Spanish woman for the successful implementation of organ transplant patients. This is the world's first successful transplant patient's own stem cells, organs and recycling cases, stem cell technology is a major breakthrough, a significant milestone, is expected to start in 20 years, heart and other organs of the integrity of the cultivated and thoroughly change the traditional surgical approach.

     University of London, invented the world's first computer three-dimensional heart, able to "copy" blocked arteries, such as cardiovascular heart disease, cardiac surgery is expected to bring about change, to help shorten the time for heart surgery, to improve the accuracy of surgery, research surgery program.

     Britain, the United States and other countries, scientists have discovered, if inhaled in sufficient quantities of asbestos-like carbon nanotubes, it could trigger a rare malignant mesothelioma. The study showed that carbon nanotubes may be the first time will hurt the biological mesothelial cells.

     British biotechnology company Oxitec the "sterile insect technique" to improve, produce the need to maintain the life of tetracycline genetically modified male mosquitoes, their descendants also contain the deadly gene. With this technology can be a descendant of mosquito breeding pre-configured into a sudden premature deaths, and thus control the spread of dengue fever.

     British doctor blind to the two had a "bionic eye" transplant, wireless signals through electrodes to stimulate the retinal optic nerve, so that the signal sent to the brain along the optic nerve, so that the restoration of vision in patients.

     By the end of December, the United Kingdom, University of London, the use of genetic diagnosis and embryo screening technology, making a pair of breast cancer have a family history of the British couple successfully nurtured a hidden rule out the possibility of breast cancer "design babies." This is the British Government to relax the screening of human embryos constraints, the first to prevent hereditary breast cancer "design babies."

     Germany testicular cells from a male successfully extracted stem cells, embryonic development blueprint mapped invertebrates to find in the heart play a key role in the genetic material.

     In 2008, German scientists in the world the first time in testicular cells from a male successfully extracted stem cells can be cultivated in order to obtain human organs and tissues of human stem cells to find new ways.

     Leipzig, Germany Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology found that all life on Earth organisms, have been affected with a genetic disease, suggesting that genetic diseases with the lives of the evolution of the initial process.

     German scientists first zebrafish embryonic development of cell activity during the real-time video recording, observation and analysis, and accordingly the first time to map out a blueprint for vertebrate embryonic development. The results contribute to a profound understanding of vertebrate evolution, the study of developmental biology of great benefit. Elected to the U.S. "Science" magazine in 2008 the top ten scientific breakthroughs.

     Würzburg University in Germany found in the heart play a key role in the genetic material --- called miR-21 micro-RNA, the fragments of genes can be turned into the manufacturing process of the protein to carry out restructuring, and that micro-RNAs targeted therapy for animals suffering from being effective for the treatment of heart failure.

     In addition, Germany from 14 countries to participate in the 64 research teams of international scientific research team released the first complete genome sequence beetle, the beetle called Tribolium castaneum is a major agricultural pest. Their genome sequencing of agricultural pesticides is of great significance, will help find better methods of pest control, at the same time contribute to an understanding of other types of biological mechanisms of beetles, in evolutionary studies, there is also the more important significance.

     Japan was gratifying results, synthesis of artificial DNA molecules, micro-technology, cloning technology has been made, discovered the structure of DNA nucleosome DNA variation affected.

     In 2008, Japan's National Institute of Genetics developed a clear observation of living cells in a single molecule of the microscope of new technologies, could be a long time to carry out continuous observation of the elements.

     Japanese researchers have found for the first time the use of rodents crawlers food skills, 6 originating in Chile Bandicota eight shrub within 60 days all learned how to use the rake to obtain food.

     Japan's Toyama University chemist by four kinds of nucleotide components of artificial DNA molecules suture in glycosylation, the formation of a stable double helix structure, for the first time successfully synthesized almost entirely man-made DNA molecules, which have unique chemical properties and unusual the stability of biological materials for applications with unprecedented possibilities.

     Physical and Chemical Research Institute of Japan from the use of cryopreservation for 16 years after the death of the mice to extract the cells, successfully cloned mice, contribute to the advancement of regenerative medicine frozen.

     Tokyo University has developed the use of fluorescent material so that cancer cells in vivo light-emitting new technologies that can be used to observe the naked eye-mm-class cancer cells, making cancer cells with the naked eye observation of the Organization for cancer surgery possible.

     U.S. and Japanese scientists medaka fish through the analysis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) all of the information and found that the structure of DNA nucleosome affect DNA variation, thus affecting the biological evolution. Confirmed in the natural process of evolution, DNA variation may be a result of nucleosome structure varies speculation.

     Japanese scientists simulated through experiments confirmed that the meteorite crashed into the ocean at high speed caused by a chemical reaction, can be easily synthesized life on Earth indispensable amino acids and other organic material, which is the world's first successful under the current master of the original synthesis of the Earth's atmospheric composition material life.

     France in diabetes, cancer and viral disease research and remarkable achievements and found that can inhibit the hepatitis C virus proteins, identify cells to absorb sugar to the special hormone.

     In 2008, the French National Agronomic Research Institute successfully identified a body found in the digestive tract bacteria may be cholesterol absorption can not be broken down into metabolites, with the faeces excreted. The discovery will help develop new ways of lowering cholesterol.

     France and the United States scientists have discovered a can inhibit the hepatitis C virus proteins EWI-2Wint, it can prevent the hepatitis C virus surface glycoprotein react with the CD81 protein, which play a role in inhibiting hepatitis C virus.

     Pasteur Institute in France and the French Institute of Health and Medicine have discovered a Shigella dysenteriae invasive mechanism of the body's immune system will help research and development of new methods of treatment of bacillary dysentery.

     French National Scientific Research Center, found previously for the treatment of AIDS and the synthesis of a molecule HB-19 can eliminate the tumor cell surface nucleolin, block the growth of tumor cells and blood vessels surrounding the destruction of their generation, the study for tumor treatment a new idea.

     French scientists in the single-celled amoeba found biological Entamoeba two new virus Mamavirus and Sputnik, which is currently the largest Mamavirus viruses, bacteria and small almost similar to ordinary microscope can be observed. These viruses are usually found in plankton, and therefore may be, such as nutrient cycling in the oceans play an important role.

     Belgian and French scientists will be embryonic stem cells to differentiate into neurons in the cerebral cortex, and successfully transplanted into mice brains, which is expected as the basis for the development of neurological diseases for new therapies.

     French National Health and Medical Research Institute found that a special hormone Apelin, can induce cells to absorb sugar, contribute to the development of new methods to treat diabetes.

     South Korean life sciences progress made by many and a wide range of produce for human organ transplants of genetically modified pigs, mapped the first complete genome Korean.

     South Korean scientists in 2008 for the Human Organ Transplant produce transgenic pigs, developed the use of porcine chondrocytes secretion in human cartilage tissue injury treatment drug "Artifilm", the use of human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells to restore hearing in guinea pigs of the test also success.

     Another notable development is the first complete genome of the Korean mapping success. In the field of genes and genetic, South Korea developed a safety induction of embryonic stem cell differentiation integration of nano and bio-engineering technologies to selenium solution to deal with the underlying human fat cells to reverse split the functions of a strong and carcinogenic for low-risk utility induced stem cells ( iPS). In addition, the South Korean researchers identified the maintenance of embryonic stem cells pluripotent Rap2GTPase gene in control of vertebrate dorsoventral axis structure of Nodal signal-regulated protein in the process of mechanism.

     South Korea has also launched a "human resources management project", planned for 5 years the establishment of Korean blood, tissue, such as genetics information database, to identify the disease and Korean links between genetic information.

     Brazil may decide to prove that the protein in the brain memory of the duration of the use of gene technology to reduce schistosomiasis harm, stem cell research to obtain greater support from national law.

     In February 2008, Brazil and Argentina scientists peer cooperation, in mice fed a dose of protein super-brain-derived neurotrophic factor found that mice memory times from 7 to 10 times to prove that the protein may decide sustained memory in the brain length of time.

     In March, the Brazilian state of Sao Paulo State University of Campinas, the use of transfer RNA (tRNA) methods, inactivated Schistosoma mansoni larvae pathogenic core gene, thereby reducing the harm of schistosomiasis. This method can also be used for other similar diseases.

     In May, the Brazilian Federal Supreme Court passed the ruling and agreed to continue in the domestic scientific research on embryonic stem cells. This ruling to enable Brazil to become the first in Latin America, the world No. 26 to allow research on stem cells countries.

     Canada found that anti-HIV protein, develop new technology for rapid detection of malaria infection, ovulation control function to find the mysterious gene.

     In 2008, the Canada-US joint research between researchers found that human DNA in the human body FOX03a protein can protect against HIV and other immune system diseases.

     Canada's McGill University developed a new detection method of malaria infection. The method using laser and non-linear optical technology, enabling the blood for malaria parasites inspection work more streamlined, efficient, labor-saving.

     Canada and France joint research scientists found that a gene called Lrh1 mysterious, with control of ovarian function. The results contribute to the development of new contraceptive drugs, also contribute to the development of Lrh1 gene can activate drugs, the treatment of infertility.

     In addition, in 2008 the Russian biological experiments in space to make progress, found in the universe than cockroaches breeding ground for similar growth speed, and affordability are also strong. South Africa, the successful implementation of the world's first case of AIDS among the organ transplant surgery, to a HIV-infected persons donated two kidneys were transplanted to the same two men infected with HIV. Israel's "medical navigation," the company developed a medical positioning system (MPS), will help doctors in different minimally invasive surgery, tracking the course of treatment, but also about the real-time three-dimensional images of the body, improve clinical results. Israel's Hebrew University to develop the use of saliva diagnose the illness of new technologies, to effectively improve the disease-related protein biomarkers in different low-density testing the quality of cancer, heart disease, diabetes, AIDS and other diseases were detected. Ukraine is in the agricultural species improvement, new surgical techniques have scored: Barton College乌科Welding Institute developed animal and human soft tissue connecting technology, will enable the operation time reduced by 30%, 50% lower amount of bleeding, the healing time by 30% to 50 %. Ukrainian Academy of Agricultural Sciences Institute of Genetics and Breeding to take advantage of new grain protein and starch synthesis system, produced exclusively for candy manufacturing varieties of wheat and barley.