“人兽混血”的背后:人类进步还是毁灭
作者: 来源:北京科技报 发布时间:2009年01月02日
在过去数年中,美国科学家将人类的干细胞加入到了许多动物的胚胎中,“秘密炮制”出了许多实验性的“混血赫迈拉”产品,例如猪体内流着人的血液的“人猪赫迈拉”,羊体内的肝脏80%的成分属于人类的肝脏的“人羊赫迈拉”,老鼠头颅里加入人的脑细胞的“人鼠赫迈拉”等。
万物之初,本没有名字,更无标准形态,人将狗说成叫狗,于是狗就成了狗,人将猪叫成猪,于是那个样子就成了猪……有人说是上帝创造了万物,有人说是女娲捏造了人形,但更多人相信那一切不过是一种必然的巧合。
这样的信息让有的人感到“不寒而栗”,浮想联翩:“当人的器官在动物的体内生长,拥有人类细胞的猪或老鼠,是不是会像人类一样思考,却和动物一样行事?”并断言:“它们所带给人类社会的恐惧,早已超越了人类认知的界限和人类对科学成果的接纳空间”。
然后开始大发反科学的陈词滥调,什么“科学不是上帝,不应成为代替自然进行生物选择的主宰”(看来人类从事了上万年的动植物育种———人工选择———也都该禁止),什么“即便是基因改造和生命个体重组,也不能完全以人类的功利主义为基本目的,它必须适应生命发展的自然规律”(恐怕没有一个生物学家知道这“生命发展的自然规律”究竟具体指的是什么,又如何去适应?),甚至预言:“今天,如果这个魔咒以发展科学为名,制造出一个个‘赫迈拉’,人类除了等待传说中杀死赫迈拉的英雄柏勒洛丰降临,还能等待什么?”真够吓人的。
之所以导致这种恐慌,部分原因得归咎于编译者的故弄玄虚。这些实验都是公开的实验,《华盛顿邮报》的原文中丝毫没有“秘密”的意思,但到了编译者笔下,就成了“秘密炮制”,好像是什么见不得人的暗中实验似的。编译者将这些实验产品称为“赫迈拉”,这是对英文chimera走样的音译,更准确的音译是喀迈拉,是古希腊神话中一种前身像狮子、中部像山羊、后身像蛇的吐火怪物。这个典故也容易让人产生恐怖的联想,想到了“《山海经》中那些形态各异的怪兽,《生化危机》里赋有攻击力的人造怪兽,并不是遥远的事”。
喀迈拉或嵌合体既不稀奇,也不是什么吓人的东西
其实,“喀迈拉”是生物学上非常常用的一个术语,也是在生物界非常普遍的自然现象。“喀迈拉”一般意译成“嵌合体”,指的是来自不同个体的生物分子、细胞或组织被结合在了一起成为一个生物体。孪生子在同一个子宫中发育时会发生细胞交流,大多数孪生子体内都携带着某些来自其同胞的细胞,他们都是嵌合体。在胎儿发育过程中,母体和胎儿也会发生细胞交流,多数母亲体内终生携带着她们生下的子女的某些细胞,许多人体内也携带着他们的母亲的某些细胞,这些母亲、子女也都是嵌合体。那些接受器官移植的人,更全都是嵌合体。
不同的物种也可以形成嵌合体。例如把两个来自异种动物的胚胎嵌合成一个胚胎,就可以培育出异种嵌合体动物,像绵羊-山羊嵌合体、马-斑马嵌合体等都已培育成功。许多心脏病患者移植了猪或牛的瓣膜,他们都是异种嵌合体。重组DNA技术、转基因技术事实上也都是在制造分子层次上的嵌合体。
所以喀迈拉或嵌合体既不稀奇,也不是什么吓人的东西。大脑是人类的思维器官,动物体内长出人的心脏、肝脏之类的器官,丝毫也不会让这些动物就拥有了人类的思维能力,提出像“当人的器官在动物的体内生长,拥有人类细胞的猪或老鼠,是不是会像人类一样思考,却和动物一样行事”这样的疑问,实在有用心脏代替大脑思考的嫌疑。
斯坦福大学魏斯曼实验室最近向鼠胎注射进一些人神经干细胞,制造出的小鼠大脑细胞中,掺杂有约1%为人脑细胞。但是人脑是一个高度复杂的结构,光是向其他动物脑袋里塞入一些人脑细胞,并不会就使这些脑袋变成人脑而具有思考能力。魏斯曼设想以后是否有可能制造出大脑全部由人脑细胞组成的小鼠,这才有了这样的小鼠是否真的长着人脑、是否会像人那样思考的可能,因而才有了伦理问题。但是目前这还只是一个想想而已的“思想实验”,并没有变成现实,也不太可能变成现实。嵌合体动物有着重大的科研价值和医学价值
科学家们去制造这些长着人的器官的嵌合体动物,并不是唯恐天下不乱而去制造怪物。它们有着重大的科研价值和医学价值。例如,在魏斯曼实验中,把人神经干细胞注入鼠胎中,然后对不同发育阶段的嵌合体鼠胎的脑进行解剖,就可以知道在胚胎发育过程人脑细胞是如何迁移的,从而有助于我们理解人脑的发育。艾滋病病毒不能感染小鼠,无法用小鼠作为研究艾滋病的模型动物。但是如果我们设法让小鼠长有人的免疫系统,艾滋病病毒就可以感染这种嵌合体小鼠,它们目前已被用于试验治疗艾滋病的药物。长着人的器官的嵌合体动物以后有可能被应用于器官移植。
Author: Source: Beijing Science and Technology News Release: January 2, 2009
In the past few years, American scientists of human stem cells into the embryos of many animals, "cooked up a secret" a lot of experimental "He Maila mixed" products, such as pigs with human blood stream of "man-pig He Maila ", the sheep's liver in the body composition of 80% belong to the human liver" He Maila sheep, "added skulls mice's brain cells" He Maila rat. "
At the beginning of all things, the name does not, nor is there a standard form, the dog will be called as a dog, the dog became dogs, pigs will be called into a pig, so that it becomes like pig ... ... Some people say that God created the All things, it was said to be the human form fabrication Nu Wa, but the more people believe that it is all but inevitable that a coincidental.
Such information so that some people are "chilling" and imagination: "When the people of the organ in the body of the animal growth, with human or pig cells in mice, would not be the same as human thought, and has to act like animals?" Asserted: "They brought the fear of human society, has long gone beyond the limits of human knowledge and human science of the space accept."
Daihatsu and then start the anti-science platitudes such as "science is not God, should not be a substitute for natural biological selection is the key to the" (it seems to engage in human years on the breeding of animals and plants --- --- artificial selection are the Prohibition), "even if GM and the restructuring of individual life can not be entirely human as the basic utilitarian purpose, it must adapt to the life of the development of the laws of nature" (a biologist, I am afraid not know "the development of the life of the laws of nature "What specific means of what is, how to adapt to?), And even predicted:" Today, if the curse in the name of scientific development so as to create a 'He Maila', in addition to the human waiting for the legendary killed Mehmet Latin America's Heroes Baileluofeng come, but also to wait for what? "The really scary.
The reason for this panic, in part because the compiler was attributed to mystify. These experiments are open experiment, "Washington Post" in the original text did not "secret", but described by those who compiled on a "secret concoction", as if people can not see what is the secret experiments like. These experiments will compile the product known as "He Maila," This is an English transliteration of the chimera aliasing, who is more accurate Chimera, is the ancient Greek mythology as a predecessor of the Lions, as the central goats, like back The monster snake spit fire. This story is also easy to have a terrorist associations, think of the "" Book of Mountains and Seas, "in which different patterns of the monster," Resident Evil "are endowed with aggressive man-made monster is not distant."
Chimera, or chimera is nothing new, nor is it anything bugbear
In fact, "Chimera" biology is a very commonly used term is also very common in the natural biological phenomenon. "Chimera" the general intention to "chimera", referring to the individuals from different biological molecules, cells or tissues to be combined together into an organism. Twins in the same development in the womb when the exchange took place cells, most of the twins in the body are carrying some of their compatriots from the cells, they are chimera. In the course of fetal development, maternal and fetal cells in the exchange will occur, the majority of mothers carrying the body for life gave birth to their children some of the cells, many people are carrying the body of their mother, some of the cells, these mothers, children Chimeras are. Those who receive an organ, but also all chimera.
Different species can also form a chimera. For example, the two dissimilar from animal embryos embedded a synthetic embryo can dissimilar chimerism breed animals, like sheep - goat chimera, MA - Zebra chimera, and so have been successful cultivation. Many patients with heart transplant a pig or cow valves, they are dissimilar chimera. Recombinant DNA technology, transgenic technology is also a matter of fact in the molecular level to create the mosaic.
Chimera chimera, or so it is not unusual, nor is it what the scary thing. The human brain is the organ of thinking, the animals grow human heart, liver, the organ and the like, will not let any of these animals have on the human ability to think and put forward as "human organs in the body of the animal growth, with Pig or human cells in mice, would not be the same as human thought, and are acting like animals "such a doubt, it is useful to think of the brain to replace the heart of the suspects.
David Waisman Laboratory at Stanford University recently injected into fetal mouse neural stem cells in some people, to create the mouse brain cells, about 1% of the well-doping brain cells. But the human brain is a highly complex structure, just head to the other animals into a number of human brain cells, and these will not head into the human brain and has the ability to think. Weismann after the idea of the possibility of the brain to create all the components of human brain cells in mice, this mouse has been such a really long the human brain, will it follow the thinking of people as possible, which can The ethical issues. But at the moment this is only a think about it "experimental thinking" and did not become a reality, it is unlikely to become reality. Animal chimera of great value in scientific research and medical value
Scientists have long to create such a human organ Chimeric animal is not left Emily to create a monster. They have a great scientific value and medical value. For example, Weismann in the experiment, the human neural stem cells injected into fetal mice, and then on different developmental stages of the chimera of the fetal rat brain autopsy to know the process of embryonic development in human brain cells is how to migrate, thus Help our understanding of the human brain development. HIV infection can not be mice, mice can not be used as a model for AIDS research animals. But if we try to let some long-mouse's immune system, HIV can be infected with the chimeric mice, which has now been used to test the treatment of AIDS drugs. Long a human organ Chimeric animals may be used after organ transplants.