无国界医生组织广西开展艾滋病项目七年 昨日撤离 避孕套的历史


无国界医生组织广西开展艾滋病项目七年 昨日撤离

 
 
 
 
 

无国界医生组织广西开展艾滋病项目七年 昨日撤离

http://www.gxnews.com.cn  2010年10月27日 06:58  来源:广西新闻网-南国早报 广西新闻网记者 张若凡 实习生 陈慧

    “在国外当医生多滋润啊,偏要跑到欠发达的地方来行医,这些老外怎么想的?”就是在人们这样的不解中,国际人道救援组织——无国界医生已经在广西服务了7年,先后有超过30位海外救援人员,为广西的艾滋病患者带来了免费药物和治疗服务。10月26日,无国界医生组织从广西的艾滋病项目中撤离。这些“当代白求恩”走了,却在广西留下一个个感动的足迹。
    2003年底,无国界医生组织正式进入广西,与自治区疾控中心合作,开展艾滋病项目。当时广西艾滋病感染者已有1万多人,而且已经有越来越多的感染者发病,但那时候广西既没有治疗艾滋病的药物,也没有专业的医务人员。
    这时,澳大利亚的海蒂医生带着丰富的经验和满腔的热情来到了广西。在多个国家从事过艾滋病治疗,海蒂也有不同的感受。她告诉记者,在澳大利亚,艾滋病感染者大都受过很好的教育,有很强的自我保护意识,会主动寻求优质的医疗服务。
    广西的艾滋病感染者则意识不高,很多人都不愿主动接受检测,有的来到门诊时,病情已经很严重了。要改变这些状况,需要公众给予他们一个更宽容的社会环境,让更多人了解艾滋病的防治知识。
    尽管如此,广西艾滋病患者的坚强却给海蒂留下了深刻的印象。她说,有一位女艾滋病人让她至今难忘。这位患者的病情已经到了晚期,因病毒侵蚀而丧失了视力,家人都离她而去,她没有任何收入。在别人看来,这是个几乎走投无路的可怜人,但是每次她到门诊时,脸上都带着微笑,从交谈中能感觉到,她怀着感恩的心态来的,她非常珍惜这次受助的机会。这种逆境中的乐观、坚强让海蒂受到很大鼓舞。

   无国界医生的到来,一个重要的转变就是带来了免费的药物。马斯(化名)2004年从无国界医生在南宁的门诊部领到了第一瓶免费的药。他说,这对一个艾滋病患者来说,卸下了一个沉重的包袱,他每年能省下7万元的药费,同时还能得到外籍医生的治疗服务。

    7年前的星星之火,如今已成燎原之势。该项目共为1724名艾滋病患者提供了服务,其中1134人接受了免费的抗病毒治疗,并在全区建立了45个抗病毒治疗点。尽管无国界医生组织撤离了广西,但他们应该不会感到遗憾。因为,自治区卫生厅表示,要对广西所有的艾滋病患者,做到应治尽治,为他们提供最好的治疗服务。而自治区政府已经启动了为期5年的防艾攻坚工程,遏制艾滋病疫情的传播和蔓延。
相关链接 无国界医生
    无国界医生是一个非牟利团体,于1971年12月20日在巴黎成立,是一个由各国专业医学人员组成的国际性的志愿者组织,不分种族、宗教、信仰和政治立场,为身处困境的人们以及天灾人祸和武装冲突的受害者提供援助。每年有2000多位志愿人员在约60个国家中服务,是全球最大的独立医疗救援组织。1999年获得诺贝尔和平奖。被誉为“当代白求恩”。

"When the doctor and more moisture in a foreign country, ah, chosen to go to less developed areas to practice, how to think of these foreigners?" Is that people understand this, the international humanitarian relief organizations - Medecins Sans Frontieres has served in Guangxi 7 years, there have been more than 30 foreign aid workers, AIDS patients in Guangxi bring free medicine and treatment services. October 26, MSF's AIDS projects from the withdrawal of Guangxi. These "contemporary Bethune" away, but left one in Guangxi, moving footprints.
    
The end of 2003, MSF's formal entry into Guangxi Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and cooperation AIDS projects. Guangxi, AIDS was already 10,000 people, and has been an increasing number of the onset of symptoms, but then neither Guangxi drugs to treat AIDS, and no professional medical personnel.
    
At this time, Australia's Heidi doctors filled with a wealth of experience and enthusiasm came to Guangxi. In many countries engaged in AIDS treatment, Heidi has a different feel. She told reporters in Australia, most people living with HIV received a good education, have a strong sense of self-protection, will take the initiative to seek quality health care services.
    
Guangxi AIDS awareness is high, many people are reluctant to come forward for testing, and some went to out-patient, the disease has been very serious. To change these situations, you need the public to give them a more tolerant social environment, so that more people know about AIDS prevention knowledge.
    
Nevertheless, AIDS patients in Guangxi Heidi gave a strong left a deep impression. She said that AIDS has a woman made her unforgettable. The patient's condition has reached a late stage, due to erosion and loss of virus vision, away from her family, she had no income. In another opinion, this is almost desperate poor people, but each time she went to the clinic, all with a smile on his face, from the conversation can feel her attitude with gratitude, and she was cherished by the assistance opportunities. The optimism in adversity, so that Heidi has been greatly encouraged by the strong.

   
MSF's arrival has brought a major change is free of drugs. Thomas (a pseudonym) in 2004 never MSF clinic in Nanning received their first bottle of the medicine free of charge. He said that on an AIDS patient, relieved of a heavy burden, he was able to save 7 million a year for drugs, while the treatment by foreign doctors.

    
7 years ago, a spark, has become a Liaoyuanzhishi. The project for the 1724 AIDS patients were provided services, 1134 people received free anti-retroviral treatment, and in the region established a 45 point anti-viral treatment. Despite the withdrawal of MSF in Guangxi, but they should not feel regret. Because the regional health department said that to all AIDS patients in Guangxi, so should government do governance, to provide them the best treatment. The regional government has launched a 5-year AIDS prevention of poverty, to curb the spread of the AIDS epidemic and the spread.
MSF Links
    
MSF is a non-profit organization, in December 20, 1971 was established in Paris, is a national professional medical personnel of the international volunteer organizations, regardless of race, religion, beliefs and political stance, are in the plight of the people and the natural disasters and provide assistance to victims of armed conflict. More than 2,000 volunteers each year in about 60 countries in the services, is the world's largest independent medical relief organization. Nobel Peace Prize in 1999. Known as the "Contemporary Bethune."
 
 
 
 
 

[ 作者:佚名    转贴自:本站原创    点击数:196    更新时间:2010-10-27    文章录入:nnb ]

 

避孕套的历史

 
 
 
 
 

避孕套的历史
    2010年10月26日 15:18 来源:羊城晚报 
   避孕套,文雅一点说法叫做安全套,正如其名,它的实际意义早已超出了避孕的作用。特别是在本土发现艾滋病案例之后,中国便开始大范围地引进和推广避孕套。避孕套因可隔离病原体直接接触感染,在预防艾滋病上具有非常现实的意义。
  不似其他日用品,安全套作为一种即用即弃的私密物品,现代人要想见到远古时期的安全套实物,几乎是不可能的。所以文献成了追踪安全套的最佳手段。
  避孕套的雏形,有人认为是山羊的睾丸,是古罗马人发明的。但是这个发明并没有明确的文字记载,而根据可靠的文献推测:公元前大约1350至1200年间,古代埃及就存在了阴茎套,但是当时阴茎套的作用不只是避孕———我们可以在古埃及的壁画里看到,一丝不挂、戴着阴茎套漫不经心在街上行走的男人们。
  而另一个有趣的说法是,在17世纪的英国,医师约瑟夫·康德姆(Joseph condom)在烹调海鲜时受到膨胀鱼鳔的启示,把鱼鳔当做套套使用,结果发现效果很好。这个方法被献给当时该国的国王之后,人们称之为“愉快的发明”。人们将这个愉快的发明在材料上进行了改进,使用了更加柔软轻薄的小羊盲肠。而安全套的英文名“condom”就源于发明者的名字。
  让安全套第一次出现在中国文献中的人,叫张德彝。19世纪70年代初,张德彝在欧洲游历时发现了当时流行于妓院的安全套,只是那时候不叫“安全套”,而是一些带着暧昧意味的名字———英国人称其为“法国信”,法国人称其为“英国衣”,由此名字中也可见英国人和法国人之间相互推诿之意了。连欧洲人都不肯直面的安全套,在中国就更是隐晦无比了,“如意袋”、“风流袋”的名字让我们联想到安全套在中国的传播也基本存在于色情场所。
  在王云五等人主编的《日用百科全书补编》中,“安全套”被认为是可以防止疾病感染的。但是在1936年金浩编著的《秘术千钟》中,并没有把安全套列为“梅毒预防秘诀”中的一种。可见当时安全套的普及度还是很低的。又经过十几年,在1947年姚灵犀编著的《思无邪小记》中,安全套已经可以在药店中买到了。终于,安全套从一种色情场所专用品渐渐成为人们的日常用品。
  最早出现在埃及的安全套是用纸莎草做的。到了16世纪的时候,亚麻布制成的安全套开始流行。17世纪,安全套的原材料是小羊的盲肠,它比较柔软、舒适。到了19世纪随着橡胶硫化工艺的发展,羊肠安全套逐渐被革命性的硫化橡胶安全套取代。这种安全套以其安全有效的性能、低廉的价格迅速抢占市场。19世纪末期,天然乳胶安全套的诞生,使安全套具有更好的弹性和柔韧性,更高的耐拉强度和不易出现微孔,从而升级了硫化橡胶安全套。
  目前能用于避孕套的材料也很少,这与成熟的橡胶工业和高速发展的高分子材料形成了鲜明的对比。市面上出现的安全套的材料大体有三种,天然乳胶安全套、聚氨酯安全套、合成橡胶安全套。天然乳胶的原材料是栽培的橡胶树,如三叶橡胶树、杜仲、银色橡胶菊、橡胶草等。市面上大多数的安全套都是用天然橡胶制成的,但是由于在增加安全套的弹性时,需要经过硫化过程,过量的强致癌物质—亚硝胺就在这个过程中产生了。虽然说从安全套释放的亚硝胺的含量还不足以让使用者患上肿瘤,但是频繁使用仍有风险。
  聚氨酯安全套,主要是通过多元有机异氰酸酯和各类氢给予体化合物(通常含羟基的多元醇化合物)反应而制备的。与乳胶安全套相比,它的导热性更好、套膜更加柔韧、无特殊气味,更主要的是它不会受油基润滑剂的影响。但是其弹性差、容易脱落破损且制作成本高,使得它在市场的份额并不是很大,虽然它过滤艾滋病病毒的效果最好。
  我国在世界安全套的生产销量上居第四位,次于英国、美国和日本。这和中国人口基数大的原因密不可分。人们谈起安全套也不再遮遮掩掩,安全套的功能和样式也日新月异,各种新颖奇特的安全套充斥着市场。但是,使用过的安全套处于严重不可控状态,一部分“废套”被回收制作成相关橡胶制品,如橡皮筋,更有很多“废套”经过简易的消毒之后再次流入市场。这些行为严重扰乱了市场秩序,且对广大群众的安全威胁极大。

  姚昕
At 15:18 on October 26, 2010 Source: Yangcheng Evening News
  
Condoms, elegant statement that called the condom, as its name, its practical significance far beyond the role of contraception. In particular the discovery of AIDS cases in the local community, China began to introduce and promote a wide range of condoms. Condoms can be isolated by direct contact with pathogen infection, in the prevention of AIDS that has very real sense.
Unlike other commodities, condoms as a private-use disposable items, the modern period of condoms in order to see the ancient kind, is almost impossible. So literature became a means of tracking the best condoms.
Prototype of condoms, some people believe that goat testicles, the Romans invented. But the invention of written records are not clear, but speculation based on reliable literature: about 1350-1200 BC, the ancient Egypt there is a condom, but the role of condoms at that time --- we can not just contraceptive in ancient Egypt see the murals, naked, casually walking down the street wearing a condom the men.
The other interesting argument is that the British in the 17th century, physicians 约瑟夫康德姆 (Joseph condom) cooking seafood in the swim bladder by the expansion of the revelation, the swim bladder as condom use and found good results. This method is dedicated to the king of the country at that time, people called it "a happy invention." The invention of the people happy in this material has been improved, the use of a more flexible thin lamb cecum. The English name of condoms "condom" was derived from the inventor's name.
Make condoms the first time in Chinese literature of the people, called Zhang Deyi. 19th century, early 70s, Zhang Deyi, traveled in Europe, found a condom was popular in the brothels, but then not called "condom", but some with a dubious name implies --- the British called "French letter", French call it "British clothing", this name can also be found between the British and the French meaning of the buck. Even the Europeans are unwilling to face the condoms, even in China is extremely vague, and "wishful Bag," "Merry bags," the name reminds us of the spread of condoms in China are basically present in a vice establishment.
In Wang Yun-wu, who edited the "Encyclopedia of daily supplement," the "condom" is considered to prevent disease infection. But in the 1936 pension ho compiled the "occult thousand clock", and did not put a condom as a "syphilis prevention tips" in one. It is obvious that the popularity of condoms is still low. After another ten years, in 1947, Yao consonance compiled the "wicked ideas of small mind," condoms have been bought at pharmacies. Finally, condoms and special products from a vice establishment gradually become a daily supplies.
First appeared in Egypt sedge of condoms is made of paper. By the 16th century, condoms made of linen become popular. 17th century, the condom is the lamb of the cecum of raw materials, it is relatively soft and comfortable. By the 19th century with the development of rubber vulcanization process, gut condom was gradually replaced by a revolutionary vulcanized rubber condoms. This safe and effective performance of its condoms, low price quickly to seize the market. The late 19th century, the birth of natural latex condoms, so that condoms have a better elasticity and flexibility, higher tensile strength and less prone to resistance microporous, thereby upgrading the vulcanized rubber condoms.
At present the material can be used condom rarely, which mature rubber industry and rapid development of polymer materials in sharp contrast. The material appears on the market in general there are three condoms, latex condoms, polyurethane condoms, synthetic rubber condoms. Natural latex rubber trees is the cultivation of raw materials, such as Hevea, Eucommia, silver daisy rubber, rubber grass. Most of the condoms available in the market are made with natural rubber, but because of the increased flexibility of condom, you need through the curing process, excess of strong carcinogens - nitrosamines in the process produced. Although the release of nitrosamines from condoms is not enough content for users suffering from cancer, but the frequent use of the perceived risks.
Polyurethane condoms, mainly through multiple types of organic isocyanate and hydrogen donor compounds (usually containing polyol hydroxyl compounds) prepared by the reaction. Compared with latex condoms, it has better thermal conductivity, a more flexible set of film, no special smell, the main thing is that it is not affected by the impact of oil-based lubricants. But its flexibility is poor, broken off easily and the high production costs, making its market share is not great, although it is the best filtering effect of HIV.
Country in the world production of condoms in fourth place on sales, behind the United Kingdom, the United States and Japan. This is the reason China's large population, are inseparable. People are no longer secretive about condoms, condoms are also changing the function and style, a variety of novelty condoms filled with the market. However, the used condom in a serious non-controllable state, part of the "waste" set is made into recycled rubber related products such as rubber bands, even a lot of "waste" set after a simple re-entering the market after disinfection. These actions seriously disrupted the market order, and security threats to the great masses.

Yao Xin

 
 
 
 
 

[ 作者:佚名    转贴自:本站原创    点击数:198    更新时间:2010-10-26    文章录入:nnb ]