避孕套的历史
2010年10月26日 15:18 来源:羊城晚报
避孕套,文雅一点说法叫做安全套,正如其名,它的实际意义早已超出了避孕的作用。特别是在本土发现艾滋病案例之后,中国便开始大范围地引进和推广避孕套。避孕套因可隔离病原体直接接触感染,在预防艾滋病上具有非常现实的意义。
不似其他日用品,安全套作为一种即用即弃的私密物品,现代人要想见到远古时期的安全套实物,几乎是不可能的。所以文献成了追踪安全套的最佳手段。
避孕套的雏形,有人认为是山羊的睾丸,是古罗马人发明的。但是这个发明并没有明确的文字记载,而根据可靠的文献推测:公元前大约1350至1200年间,古代埃及就存在了阴茎套,但是当时阴茎套的作用不只是避孕———我们可以在古埃及的壁画里看到,一丝不挂、戴着阴茎套漫不经心在街上行走的男人们。
而另一个有趣的说法是,在17世纪的英国,医师约瑟夫·康德姆(Joseph condom)在烹调海鲜时受到膨胀鱼鳔的启示,把鱼鳔当做套套使用,结果发现效果很好。这个方法被献给当时该国的国王之后,人们称之为“愉快的发明”。人们将这个愉快的发明在材料上进行了改进,使用了更加柔软轻薄的小羊盲肠。而安全套的英文名“condom”就源于发明者的名字。
让安全套第一次出现在中国文献中的人,叫张德彝。19世纪70年代初,张德彝在欧洲游历时发现了当时流行于妓院的安全套,只是那时候不叫“安全套”,而是一些带着暧昧意味的名字———英国人称其为“法国信”,法国人称其为“英国衣”,由此名字中也可见英国人和法国人之间相互推诿之意了。连欧洲人都不肯直面的安全套,在中国就更是隐晦无比了,“如意袋”、“风流袋”的名字让我们联想到安全套在中国的传播也基本存在于色情场所。
在王云五等人主编的《日用百科全书补编》中,“安全套”被认为是可以防止疾病感染的。但是在1936年金浩编著的《秘术千钟》中,并没有把安全套列为“梅毒预防秘诀”中的一种。可见当时安全套的普及度还是很低的。又经过十几年,在1947年姚灵犀编著的《思无邪小记》中,安全套已经可以在药店中买到了。终于,安全套从一种色情场所专用品渐渐成为人们的日常用品。
最早出现在埃及的安全套是用纸莎草做的。到了16世纪的时候,亚麻布制成的安全套开始流行。17世纪,安全套的原材料是小羊的盲肠,它比较柔软、舒适。到了19世纪随着橡胶硫化工艺的发展,羊肠安全套逐渐被革命性的硫化橡胶安全套取代。这种安全套以其安全有效的性能、低廉的价格迅速抢占市场。19世纪末期,天然乳胶安全套的诞生,使安全套具有更好的弹性和柔韧性,更高的耐拉强度和不易出现微孔,从而升级了硫化橡胶安全套。
目前能用于避孕套的材料也很少,这与成熟的橡胶工业和高速发展的高分子材料形成了鲜明的对比。市面上出现的安全套的材料大体有三种,天然乳胶安全套、聚氨酯安全套、合成橡胶安全套。天然乳胶的原材料是栽培的橡胶树,如三叶橡胶树、杜仲、银色橡胶菊、橡胶草等。市面上大多数的安全套都是用天然橡胶制成的,但是由于在增加安全套的弹性时,需要经过硫化过程,过量的强致癌物质—亚硝胺就在这个过程中产生了。虽然说从安全套释放的亚硝胺的含量还不足以让使用者患上肿瘤,但是频繁使用仍有风险。
聚氨酯安全套,主要是通过多元有机异氰酸酯和各类氢给予体化合物(通常含羟基的多元醇化合物)反应而制备的。与乳胶安全套相比,它的导热性更好、套膜更加柔韧、无特殊气味,更主要的是它不会受油基润滑剂的影响。但是其弹性差、容易脱落破损且制作成本高,使得它在市场的份额并不是很大,虽然它过滤艾滋病病毒的效果最好。
我国在世界安全套的生产销量上居第四位,次于英国、美国和日本。这和中国人口基数大的原因密不可分。人们谈起安全套也不再遮遮掩掩,安全套的功能和样式也日新月异,各种新颖奇特的安全套充斥着市场。但是,使用过的安全套处于严重不可控状态,一部分“废套”被回收制作成相关橡胶制品,如橡皮筋,更有很多“废套”经过简易的消毒之后再次流入市场。这些行为严重扰乱了市场秩序,且对广大群众的安全威胁极大。
姚昕
At 15:18 on October 26, 2010 Source: Yangcheng Evening News
Condoms, elegant statement that called the condom, as its name, its practical significance far beyond the role of contraception. In particular the discovery of AIDS cases in the local community, China began to introduce and promote a wide range of condoms. Condoms can be isolated by direct contact with pathogen infection, in the prevention of AIDS that has very real sense.
Unlike other commodities, condoms as a private-use disposable items, the modern period of condoms in order to see the ancient kind, is almost impossible. So literature became a means of tracking the best condoms.
Prototype of condoms, some people believe that goat testicles, the Romans invented. But the invention of written records are not clear, but speculation based on reliable literature: about 1350-1200 BC, the ancient Egypt there is a condom, but the role of condoms at that time --- we can not just contraceptive in ancient Egypt see the murals, naked, casually walking down the street wearing a condom the men.
The other interesting argument is that the British in the 17th century, physicians 约瑟夫康德姆 (Joseph condom) cooking seafood in the swim bladder by the expansion of the revelation, the swim bladder as condom use and found good results. This method is dedicated to the king of the country at that time, people called it "a happy invention." The invention of the people happy in this material has been improved, the use of a more flexible thin lamb cecum. The English name of condoms "condom" was derived from the inventor's name.
Make condoms the first time in Chinese literature of the people, called Zhang Deyi. 19th century, early 70s, Zhang Deyi, traveled in Europe, found a condom was popular in the brothels, but then not called "condom", but some with a dubious name implies --- the British called "French letter", French call it "British clothing", this name can also be found between the British and the French meaning of the buck. Even the Europeans are unwilling to face the condoms, even in China is extremely vague, and "wishful Bag," "Merry bags," the name reminds us of the spread of condoms in China are basically present in a vice establishment.
In Wang Yun-wu, who edited the "Encyclopedia of daily supplement," the "condom" is considered to prevent disease infection. But in the 1936 pension ho compiled the "occult thousand clock", and did not put a condom as a "syphilis prevention tips" in one. It is obvious that the popularity of condoms is still low. After another ten years, in 1947, Yao consonance compiled the "wicked ideas of small mind," condoms have been bought at pharmacies. Finally, condoms and special products from a vice establishment gradually become a daily supplies.
First appeared in Egypt sedge of condoms is made of paper. By the 16th century, condoms made of linen become popular. 17th century, the condom is the lamb of the cecum of raw materials, it is relatively soft and comfortable. By the 19th century with the development of rubber vulcanization process, gut condom was gradually replaced by a revolutionary vulcanized rubber condoms. This safe and effective performance of its condoms, low price quickly to seize the market. The late 19th century, the birth of natural latex condoms, so that condoms have a better elasticity and flexibility, higher tensile strength and less prone to resistance microporous, thereby upgrading the vulcanized rubber condoms.
At present the material can be used condom rarely, which mature rubber industry and rapid development of polymer materials in sharp contrast. The material appears on the market in general there are three condoms, latex condoms, polyurethane condoms, synthetic rubber condoms. Natural latex rubber trees is the cultivation of raw materials, such as Hevea, Eucommia, silver daisy rubber, rubber grass. Most of the condoms available in the market are made with natural rubber, but because of the increased flexibility of condom, you need through the curing process, excess of strong carcinogens - nitrosamines in the process produced. Although the release of nitrosamines from condoms is not enough content for users suffering from cancer, but the frequent use of the perceived risks.
Polyurethane condoms, mainly through multiple types of organic isocyanate and hydrogen donor compounds (usually containing polyol hydroxyl compounds) prepared by the reaction. Compared with latex condoms, it has better thermal conductivity, a more flexible set of film, no special smell, the main thing is that it is not affected by the impact of oil-based lubricants. But its flexibility is poor, broken off easily and the high production costs, making its market share is not great, although it is the best filtering effect of HIV.
Country in the world production of condoms in fourth place on sales, behind the United Kingdom, the United States and Japan. This is the reason China's large population, are inseparable. People are no longer secretive about condoms, condoms are also changing the function and style, a variety of novelty condoms filled with the market. However, the used condom in a serious non-controllable state, part of the "waste" set is made into recycled rubber related products such as rubber bands, even a lot of "waste" set after a simple re-entering the market after disinfection. These actions seriously disrupted the market order, and security threats to the great masses.
Yao Xin
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