12月1日是第23个世界艾滋病日。1981年，首例艾滋病在美国确认并发现，1985年，艾滋病登陆中国，从此数字不断扩大。尽管近几年对艾滋病防治工作加强，但2010年11月29日卫生部通报情况显示，中国艾滋病疫情仍持续上升。“无法找到感染人群”已成为中国艾滋病干预、治疗面临的最大问题，从而也间接地让那些持有歧视思维的人处于更不安全的境地。出现这种情况是因为艾滋病感染者害怕被歧视而不敢接受检查、不敢暴露自己。艾滋病感染者应不应该公开自己的患病情况，如何行之有效地反歧视，从而更好地防控艾滋病毒，本期公益演播室就这个话题展开解读。

 

焦点

主持人：2009年11月27日，一项专门针对艾滋反歧视的调查报告提到了中国约有74万感染者，能主动检测、知道得病的人很少，公开身份的就更少。此外，在一项网上调查中，约有4300人参与，反对公开的人数略多于支持公开的人数。那么，艾滋病感染者要不要公开身份？

无需公开但需要告知

姜晓朋：这个结果说明大家的认识逐渐已经开始转变。我本人反对公开，不管应不应该、要不要都反对。不管在什么情况下，病毒携带情况是其个人隐私。

景军：公开应当准确定义，为了反对歧视而公开身份有一定倡导意义，公开是主动行为，但不是为了保护他人。为什么会谈到公开艾滋病感染者身份这样一个要求呢？假如一个人患有肺结核或者其他传染性疾病，他并不需要告诉同事。

但告知和公开不同，告知是告诉与患病者最相关的人。一个感染者应该告知自己女朋友，或者告知自己的太太，因为他们有性生活，这个告知就应该限定在可能由于病毒感染的人际网络关系中。

我倾向于艾滋病不要公开，艾滋病患者有自己的权利，也有权利对他可能危害的人做到告知，所以告知是一个比较准确的词。就艾滋病而言，传染渠道无非就两个血液传染和体液传染。在这种情况下，为什么要对所有人说感染了某种疾病？

夏菁：艾滋病病毒感染者公开身份，以阳性身份跟普通人群进行平等、尊重、相互的交流，传递艾滋病准确、科学的知识，让普通人跟艾滋病毒感染者相互了解、尊重、接纳，使社会达到和谐，通过这种方式，使艾滋病防治更为人性化并搭建一个平等的平台，这是一种非常积极的因素。

但是，它也是有一个限制的。目前社会对艾滋病感染者歧视普遍存在，感染者公开身份对他个人工作、生活来说存在着极大的风险。到目前为止，美国有篮球明星约翰逊可以站出来告诉大家他是感染者，在印度很多艾滋病感染者对公开出镜不要求做任何处理，但是截至目前，中国还没有多少感染者可以这样做。

公开身份与安全无关

主持人：事实上，应该还有不少人站出来，只不过这些人站出来之后生活好像更艰难了，造成这种现象的原因是什么呢？

姜晓朋：去年有一个报告，调查两千多名艾滋病感染者，超过30%艾滋病感染者表示他们感染的状态被随意地暴露，超过40%感染者经历过严重的歧视。比如房东可能让他搬家，领导会把他转到一个不太重要的岗位，或者干脆找借口让他换工作；还比如家人对他另眼看待，自己的孩子在学校里被同学、老师孤立，甚至被退学，这些都说明整个社会对艾滋病感染者存在歧视。

主持人：一些网友留言说，艾滋病感染者发现时只有一个人，为什么现在这么多？原因大部分就是因为很多人隐瞒了自己的病症，让别人没法预防，以至于现在感染人数增多，而且难以控制。

夏菁：感染者公开身份与大众知情权不存在矛盾，我不认为感染者公开了身份，大众就安全了。

姜晓朋：要求艾滋病患者公开身份，这是对待一些传染性疾病的传统做法，并给患者一个相对隔离性的措施，这种措施就限制了传染源，从而不会有新的感染。但是这个做法国际上证明，在艾滋病防治上行不通。

小枫讲述

担心公开后受不公对待

公开患病情况有助于促进参与艾滋病防治，对防治工作有重大意义。患病者公开参与活动，能让更多的人真正认识艾滋病，了解艾滋病，艾滋病人并非患病后就会出现皮肤溃烂、皮疹、精神不振等现象，也不是不能见人，不敢见人。

对于每个感染者来说，他们首先是一个人，有最基本的健康生存的权利。公众在要求艾滋病患者告知或者暴露身份时，是否提供了一个很好的社会支持环境。当患者告知身边的同事、领导、朋友后，他们能不能真正从内心接纳我们？能不能给予平等的就医、就业、就学等等一些基本的权利？能不能保护我们这些权利不受损害？每个患病者在经历了最初的伤害和打击之后，都存在很大的心理压力。

作为一名志愿者，这几年我在感染者社区做关怀实践时深刻体会到，很多的感染者朋友，主动去医院就医，告知医生，但医生都会主动拒绝。艾滋病患者常常出现有手术没地儿去做，有病没人给看的情况，他们无法受到公平对待。我身边的一个朋友，被所在的县疾控单位暴露了身份，当他回家的时候，全村人都指责他，甚至有人打他、骂他，把他赶出了村子。直到现在三年多的时间，他都回不了家。村民们觉得不接纳，不理解，觉得得了艾滋病，就是得了一种脏病。其实艾滋病就像乙肝、肺结核一样，是一种慢性疾病。艾滋病的传播途径是血液、母婴和性传播，所有和艾滋病患者在正常接触、工作、生活、握手、拥抱时都不会被传染。为何要歧视它呢？

分析

主持人：艾滋病患者本身乐于公开身份，现身说法告诉大众，如何正确防范艾滋病，但事实上，他们站出来之后，遭遇的是社会歧视，伤害远远大于艾滋病本身，歧视的原因是什么？

知识缺乏引致恐惧

夏菁：一般大众普遍认为，艾滋病对于每个人来说还是遥不可及的一件事情，每个人都觉得是别人的事情。每年到艾滋病日，只是一个疫情的公布，平时对这个话题不关注，即使关注了，三条传播途径可能说得都头头是道，可他们还是恐惧，这就是因为知识还不够全面科学。

景军：艾滋病从医学上来说，没法打开社会歧视这把锁头，医生也恐惧，第一个来自社会恐惧的歧视都没有去掉。比如你领着小孩走，爸爸妈妈碰到一件事情害怕了，小孩绝对是害怕的，小孩会有一个条件反射。连续几个大型医院调查都证明医生非常排斥艾滋病患者，而且医生知道艾滋病患者不会把病毒传染给他，公众恐惧与医疗权威密切相关，医生可以为其他传染病人提供救助，但不愿意为艾滋病传染者提供救助。

法律保障不尽完善

姜晓朋：在2006年，我国发布艾滋病防治条例，文件明确规定了各级包括政府部门等，都不能歧视艾滋病感染者，这是一个很有力的规定。但是歧视之后有何惩处措施，并没有给予明确的说法。

夏菁：在工作中也发现有很多法律法规相互之间存在矛盾。举例说，参照公务员条例患了哪些病是不合格的，其中艾滋病就是一条，人民警察准入条例当中也是有这么一条。但如果成为人民警察或者公务员以后再得艾滋病，那还属合格吗？法律和条规之间，一方面需要一个调整，需要完善，同时需要在社会发展进程当中逐步地来进行修订。

景军：在法律面前人人平等，但在社会事实面前永远不平等，艾滋病患者在参加艾滋病防治工作的时候，也有三六九等的。

谣言四起加剧恐惧

小枫：歧视是因为对艾滋病知识的不了解、恐惧，会对艾滋病人群进行道德化、标签化、污名化评判。

景军：有些人对艾滋病患者有一个想象，认为这些人太坏了。但是其实也不是这回事，艾滋病毒有潜伏期，七八年内，如果不去做检查的话，不知道感染了艾滋病。大多数情况下，99%情况下是在不知道情况下传播给别人，故意或者明知自己是感染者导致传染，那是极少的案例。但大众经常看的是极端的案例，我们看到的不是99%的正常分布，我们看到的是例外的分布。在这个时候，这种例外，1%带来的心理压力超过了99%带来的心理安慰。

建议

平等要靠媒体宣传法规辅助

姜晓朋：一个感染者也好，一个被感染者也好，他们进入单位、学校、医院的门槛是一样的。公平地享有机会，保障本身就是一个示范活动，首先应先从制度、法律法规入手。其次，在通过媒体包括领袖、公众人物，不断展现榜样力量，展现相互平等的模范，感染意识里还有种歧视的朋友们，同时把防治信息引入。

 

夏菁：感染者每一次现身说法直接影响的人是有限的，通过媒体扩大影响的力量很大。媒体是一把双刃剑，但更希望媒体能真正地以全面、客观的眼光引领大众正确看待艾滋病。每个生命都应平等地得到生存和发展的权利。

景军：一个古训“己所不欲，勿施于人”，无论是对媒体、对社会、对艾滋病感染者，设身处地为他人着想，这是做人的基本要求，自己做不到的就不要要求别人，这是最基础的。

小枫：现在到了一个非常紧要的关头，为什么1985年出现第一例感染者后，到今天有好几十万呢？我们需要反思的是刚才景军教授的一句话，我们反歧视工作首先应该从卫生系统抓起，而且各项关怀政策真正要为感染者和病人落实到位。

本版采写本报记者侯雪竹本版图片搜狐 作者：侯雪竹 (本文来源：京华时报。

Discrimination settlement to the plight of AIDS (Photos)
2010-12-06 04:08:00 Source: Beijing Times (Beijing)

Each infections are, unfortunately, should have received assistance, for whatever reason. Jing Jun of Tsinghua University Professor of Sociology

Public identity of HIV infection, AIDS can pass accurate and scientific knowledge. Marie Stopes International Xia Jing Project Officer

Some infectious diseases to treat are some traditional practices, but this approach does not work on AIDS prevention and control. UNDP China Project Manager Jiang Xiaopeng

We can help countries infected, disease control departments to help care for infected persons to do the work. Active dialogue with volunteers, Xiao Feng AIDS

December 1 is World AIDS Day 23. In 1981, the first case of AIDS in the United States and found confirmation in 1985, AIDS landing in China, from this number continues to grow. Although in recent years to strengthen prevention and control of AIDS, but the November 29, 2010 informed the Ministry of Health show that China's AIDS epidemic continues to rise. "Unable to find infected people" has become China AIDS interventions, the biggest problem facing the treatment, and thus indirectly to the person who holds a discriminatory thinking in a more secure position. This occurs because of fear of being discriminated against people living with HIV do not dare to accept the check, they dare not expose themselves. HIV infection should not be open about their prevalence, and how effectively to anti-discrimination, in order to better prevent and control HIV, the current public interpretation of the studio to start on this topic.

Focus

Moderator: November 27, 2009, a special investigation report for the HIV anti-discrimination referred to about 74 million infected persons in China, can take the initiative to test and know very few people get sick, and even less public identity. In addition, an online survey, about 4,300 people involved, against slightly more than the number of publicly disclosed the number of support. So, HIV status or not to open?

No need to inform the public but

Jiang Xiaopeng: The results suggest that the understanding we have started to change gradually. I personally oppose the public, whether should or should not, you do not have opposition. In any case, the virus carrying is his personal privacy.

Jing Jun: public should be precisely defined, in order to combat discrimination and promote open identity of a certain sense, public behavior is active, but not to protect others. Why talk so openly living with HIV as a request? If a person suffering from tuberculosis or other infectious diseases, he does not need to tell colleagues.

But informed and open different, this is to tell the most relevant with the sick person. An infected person should tell his girlfriend, or tell their wives, because their sexual life, this should be limited to this viral infection may be due to personal network relationships.

I tend not to open AIDS, AIDS patients have their own rights, but also has the right to harm the people he might be told, so this is a more accurate word. On AIDS, the transmission channels of nothing more than the two blood-borne and bodily fluids. In this case, why should everyone that the infection of a disease?

Xia Jing: HIV status disclosure to the positive identification with the general population to equality, respect, mutual exchanges, transmission of AIDS is accurate, scientific knowledge, so that ordinary people with HIV mutual understanding, respect, acceptance, and social achieve harmony, this way, so that more human AIDS and to build an equal platform, which is a very positive factor.

However, it also has a limit. Current social discrimination against people living with HIV prevalence, HIV public identity of his personal work and life there is great risk. So far, the U.S. basketball star Johnson can stand up to say that he was infected, many HIV infected people in India, appearance does not require the disclosure of any treatment, but as of now, the number of infected people in China do not do so.

Public identity and security related

Moderator: Actually, there should be a lot of people come out, but after these people stand up and life seems to be more difficult, and the reasons for this phenomenon is it?

Jiang Xiaopeng: a report last year, the survey of more than two thousand people living with HIV, more than 30% of people living with HIV infection in the state that they are freely exposed, infected more than 40% experienced severe discrimination. Such as the landlord may make him move, he will lead to a less important position, or simply looking for an excuse to let him change jobs; also such as the stigma of his family, his children were students at the school, teacher isolation, even drop out, this shows that the whole community on AIDS discrimination.

Moderator: Some users a message that, when found, AIDS is only one person, why are so many? Most of the reasons is because many people hide their illness, so that someone else can not prevention, so that now the number of infections increased, and difficult to control.

Xia Jing: infected public identity with the public right to know there is no contradiction, I do not think the public the identity of infected persons, the public safe.

Jiang Xiaopeng: Request AIDS public identity, which is to treat some of the traditional practice of infectious diseases and give patients a relative isolation measures, such measures to limit the source of infection, thus no new infections. But this practice proved international, on AIDS prevention and control work.

Xiao Feng told

Worry about unfair treatment by the public after

Prevalence of help to promote public participation in AIDS prevention, prevention and treatment have an important significance. Patients and public involvement activities, allowing more people to really know AIDS, understanding of AIDS, AIDS is not a disease will appear after the skin ulceration, skin rash, lack of energy and other phenomena, nor is it can not see people, afraid to see people.

For each infected person, they first of all a person has the right to basic healthy living. Inform the public on demand, or exposed in AIDS patients, does provide a good social support environment. When the patient informed coworkers, leaders and friends, they can not really from the heart to accept us? Can not be given equal medical care, employment, education, and so some basic rights? These rights can not protect us from harm? Experienced each illness in the initial injury and blows, there is great psychological pressure.

As a volunteer, these years do I care for the community in the practice of infection when the profound experience that many of those infected friend, take the initiative to go to the hospital for medical treatment, tell the doctor, but the doctor will take the initiative rejected. AIDS patients are often children appear to have surgery did not do it, no one to look sick, they are not treated fairly. A friend of me, was the county where the disease control unit of exposure to identity, and when he came home, the village people have accused him of, some people even hit him, call him, put him out of the village. Until now, more than three years, he can not go home. The villagers do not feel accepted, do not understand, that had AIDS, is suffering from a heart disease. In fact, like AIDS, hepatitis B, tuberculosis, is a chronic disease. AIDS is transmitted through the blood, mother to child and sexual transmission, and AIDS patients in all normal contacts, work, life, shaking hands, hugging when they will not be infected. Why discriminate against it?

Analysis

Moderator: AIDS patients willing to open their own identity, their own experiences to tell the public, how to prevent AIDS, but in fact they come out, the experience is social discrimination, suffering than AIDS itself, what is the cause of discrimination?

Lack of knowledge lead to fear

Xia Jing: the general public generally believe that AIDS is still out of reach for everyone One of the things that everyone thought someone else to do. AIDS Day every year, but the announcement of an outbreak, usually does not care about the topic, even if the attention, and all three routes of transmission may speak clearly and logically, but my fear, this is because the overall scientific knowledge is not enough.

Jing Jun: AIDS from a medical point of view, can not open the lock of social discrimination, fear of doctors, the first fear of discrimination from society are not removed. For example, you led the children away, afraid of one thing my parents met, the child is definitely afraid of the children have a reflex. Investigations for several major hospitals have proved very exclusive AIDS doctors, AIDS patients and doctors know not spread the virus to him, the public is closely related to fear and the medical authority, doctors can provide relief for other diseases, but do not want to HIV infection to provide assistance.

Legal protection is not perfect

Jiang Xiaopeng: In 2006, China issued AIDS Prevention and Control Act, explicitly provides for documents, including government departments at all levels, can not discriminate against AIDS, this is a very strong requirement. However, after discrimination against any punishment measures, and did not give a clear view.

Xia Jing: at work but also found many contradictions between the laws and regulations of each other. For example, the civil service regulations which disease risk is substandard, in which AIDS is a people's police access to them is that there is a Bill. But if a people's police or civil servants later get AIDS, it also is qualified? Between the law and regulations, on the one hand requires an adjustment needs to improve, and the need in the community development process which gradually come to be revised.

Jing Jun: equality before the law, but never before in the social reality of inequality, AIDS, AIDS prevention and treatment of patients participating in the time, but also of rank, etc..

Rumors aggravate fears

Xiao Feng: Discrimination because of lack of understanding of AIDS knowledge, fear, AIDS will be moral people, labeling, stigmatization judge.

Jing Jun: Some people with AIDS have an imagination, that these were too bad. But the fact is not such thing, HIV has an incubation period, seven or eight years, if not do check, I do not know the HIV infection. In most cases, 99% do not know the circumstances in the case of transmission to others, intentionally or knowingly cause infection that he is infected, it is rarely the case. But the public often see is an extreme case, we see not the 99% of the normal distribution, we see the distribution of the exception. At this time, this exception 1% of the psychological pressure of more than 99% of the psychological comfort.

Recommended

Rely on media legislation supporting equality

Jiang Xiaopeng: an infection Ye Hao, Ye Hao an infected person, they enter the units, schools, hospitals, the threshold is the same. Equitable access to opportunities, protect itself is a demonstration activities, we should first start with the system of laws and regulations to start. Secondly, through the media, including leaders, public figures continue to show the example of power and reveals a model of mutual equality, there are kinds of discrimination against infected consciousness friends, while the introduction of the prevention and control information.



Xia Jing: infected every person directly affected their own experiences are limited, through the media to expand its influence is powerful. Media is a double-edged sword, but we would like the media can really comprehensive, objective and correct view of the vision to lead the public AIDS. Every life should have equal access to survival and development rights.

Jing Jun: an old saying "Do unto others, do not impose on others", whether in the media, to society, AIDS, put yourself for others, this is the basic requirements of life, its impossible to do not ask others, this is the most basic.

Xiao Feng: Now to a very critical juncture, why there in 1985 after the first cases of infection, and today there are hundreds of thousands of it? We just need to reflect on the words of Professor Jing Jun, anti-discrimination work we should first start from the health system, but the policy really care for infected people and patients in place.

Hou Bamboos Dressed in Snow edition have written the reporter of this edition picture Sohu: Hou Bamboos Dressed in Snow (This article Source: Beijing Times.