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对艾滋病需提防什么
艾滋病可以说是目前最严重、对人类威胁最大的一种传染病，被称为“超级癌症”和“世纪杀手”。我国的艾滋病流行在时间上分三个时期：1985年~1988年为散发期，1989年~1994年为局部流行期，1995年至今为广泛流行期。
监测资料表明，艾滋病正由吸毒、卖淫、嫖娼等高危人群向一般人群扩散。近几年我国艾滋病病患每年以30%左右的幅度增长，疫情已进入快速增长期。
1月25日，我国卫生部、联合国艾滋病规划署、世界卫生组织在北京联合发布《2005年中国艾滋病疫情与防治工作进展》，疫情评估报告显示，我国现有艾滋病病毒感染者和病人约65万，其中艾滋病病人约7.5万，2005年新发生艾滋病病毒感染者约6万~8万，因艾滋病死亡约2.5万人。我国艾滋病流行范围广，地区差异大，截至2005年11月底，报告艾滋病病毒感染人数累计超过3万人的有河南和云南。超过万例的有广西、新疆和广东。同时报告也透露，相当多的艾滋病病毒感染者还没被发现。
艾滋病是非常可怕的疾病，因为它百分之百致死，目前的医疗水平还不能治愈，只能控制其发展，延长病人生命，而且这需要掌握适当的治疗时机。然而它是可以预防的。艾滋病病毒的传播力并不是很强，它不会通过我们日常的活动传播，如：握手、拥抱、共餐、一般性接吻、共用办公用品、厕所、游泳池、电话等，以及打喷嚏、蚊虫叮咬均不会传播艾滋病。它的传播途径有三条：性传播、血液传播和母婴传播。
1.性传播。在我国目前已占HIV三种感染途径的一半左右，成为最主要的传播途径。而在艾滋病散发期的第一阶段是以吸毒人员中共用注射器的血液传播为主。这一转变标志着艾滋病的流行将大大加速。
南方某地一个小山村中发现有人死于艾滋病，经调查这里有数家人感染HIV，这是怎么回事?这里地处偏僻，人们很少与外界接触，怎么会感染艾滋病?原来当地几位女子外出“打工”，从事性服务工作，后来陆续返乡结婚生子，结果将艾滋病病毒带回，又感染了丈夫及子女。
最近北京某大学一位感染艾滋病病毒的女大学生，勇敢地通过媒体公布自己的感染过程，以警示青年人，应谨慎自己的性行为。她是因与外籍青年谈恋爱被对方感染，直到对方发病后，才发现自己也被感染。爱情是美丽的，但艾滋病是可怕的。
艾滋病感染者的精液与阴道分泌物中有大量病毒，在性活动时，局部摩擦很容易造成黏膜的细微破损，病毒就会进入对方的血液中，尤其性乱及男同性恋者中传播的危险性更大。特别是患有溃疡性性病者，因为生殖器有创面，会大大增加HIV感染的机会。
虽然通过性传播艾滋病的几率不高，但是性活动的发生率很高，远远高于输血、应用血液制品等途径及母婴传播，因此全球艾滋病病毒感染大约75%是通过性接触传播的。
预防的重点是对广大群众加强性健康教育和法制教育，反对“性解放”、“性自由”倾向。减少性伴侣，保持单一的性伴侣关系最安全。在高危人群(卖淫、嫖娼及性服务工作者)中促进正确使用安全套，不失为一种实用的预防方法。同时早期诊治性病，也是降低HIV感染的有效措施之一。
2.血液传播。这是三种传播途径中传播几率最高的，高达95%以上。包括输入HIV感染者血液、应用含有HIV的血液制品、共用针具，尤其在静脉吸毒者中以此种传播方式为主。
2005年11月30日，卫生部长高强在新闻发布会上说，我国约7万人因采供血感染艾滋病。这些人绝大部分发生在1998年我国《献血法》颁布之前。
2005年12月16日，某节目，报道了我省北安农场职工医院因输血造成艾滋病传播的国内第一大案。该院在明知自己不具备检测筛查艾滋病条件的情况下，却多年来一直进行着非法采供血活动，包括《献血法》颁布后的数年中。经常到该院卖血的3个“血鬼”中，竟有两人患有艾滋病!致使十余名病人因输血被感染，有的在不知情的情况下传染给了配偶和孩子，共计19名感染者，2004年10月已有1人死亡。
1998年10月1日，我国实施《献血法》以来，严格规范了采供血工作，号召群众无偿献血，严厉打击非法买卖血活动。群众要谨慎输血，尽量减少不必要的输血。必要时应用可靠血源的血液，逐步推广自体输血方法。
最近有全国百余名血友病患者长期使用血液制品第八因子后感染艾滋病的报道。我国政府早就对血液制品的生产使用有明文规定，但总有人为了一己私利，置人民群众的生命安全于不顾。
所以，应用血液制品一定要慎重，尽量不用或少用血液制品。不自行从国外带回血液制品。
绝对不可尝试吸毒，吸毒者很容易接受静脉注射的方式。
儿童接受计划免疫注射时一定要确保一人一针一管，拒绝多人合用注射器或针头。
医疗过程中应用未经严格消毒的针具、器械也存在感染的可能。接受有损伤的诊疗行为，一定要到能够认真执行消毒措施的医疗机构。
美容、穿孔、文身，甚至刮脸、修脚均有可能造成小的伤口而传播HIV，所以不要共用剃刀、指甲剪刀、牙刷等用具，不要进行穿孔、文身等活动，也不要在非正规的美容院进行医疗美容。
实际上HIV的活力很弱，它比乙肝病毒的传染程度小得多，如果被HIV污染的针头扎伤，感染率只有3‰，而被乙肝病毒污染的针头扎伤，感染率却达30%。HIV在体外仅能存活几分钟，在体液中可存活数日。常规应用的消毒剂均可将其杀灭。因此，只要认真做好消毒工作，不造成污染，就能有效地预防感染。
总之，艾滋病血液传播的本质就是含有病毒的血液和体液进入到被感染者的血液里，凡是有这种可能的情况均应避免，而无此种可能的接触则不必担心。
3.母婴传播。又称围产期传播。绝大多数儿童HIV感染者是经母婴垂直传播感染的。HIV阳性的孕妇可以通过妊娠、分娩和母乳喂养传染胎儿或婴儿。母婴传播的几率是25%~30%。母亲HIV载量越高，婴儿受感染的机会就越大。可以通过应用抗病毒药物降低HIV载量来减少母婴传播。
在艾滋病流行区，号召孕妇进行产前HIV检测，以早诊断。HIV阳性孕妇应避孕，HIV阳性孕妇应终止妊娠，避免生育。
而防止性传播，使育龄妇女免受感染是一级预防。
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對艾滋病需提防什麼
艾滋病可以說是目前最嚴重、對人類威脅最大的一種傳染病，被稱為“超級癌症”和“世紀殺手”。我國的艾滋病流行在時間上分三個時期：1985年~1988年為散發期，1989年~1994年為局部流行期，1995年至今為廣泛流行期。
監測資料表明，艾滋病正由吸毒、賣淫、嫖娼等高危人群向一般人群擴散。近幾年我國艾滋病病患每年以30%左右的幅度增長，疫情已進入快速增長期。
1月25日，我國衛生部、聯合國艾滋病規劃署、世界衛生組織在北京聯合發布《2005年中國艾滋病疫情與防治工作進展》，疫情評估報告顯示，我國現有艾滋病病毒感染者和病人約65萬，其中艾滋病病人約7.5萬，2005年新發生艾滋病病毒感染者約6萬~8萬，因艾滋病死亡約2.5萬人。我國艾滋病流行範圍廣，地區差異大，截至2005年11月底，報告艾滋病病毒感染人數累計超過3萬人的有河南和雲南。超過萬例的有廣西、新疆和廣東。同時報告也透露，相當多的艾滋病病毒感染者還沒被發現。
艾滋病是非常可怕的疾病，因為它百分之百致死，目前的醫療水平還不能治愈，只能控制其發展，延長病人生命，而且這需要掌握適當的治療時機。然而它是可以預防的。艾滋病病毒的傳播力並不是很強，它不會通過我們日常的活動傳播，如：握手、擁抱、共餐、一般性接吻、共用辦公用品、廁所、游泳池、電話等，以及打噴嚏、蚊蟲叮咬均不會傳播艾滋病。它的傳播途徑有三條：性傳播、血液傳播和母嬰傳播。
1.性傳播。在我國目前已佔HIV三種感染途徑的一半左右，成為最主要的傳播途徑。而在艾滋病散發期的第一階段是以吸毒人員中共用注射器的血液傳播為主。這一轉變標誌著艾滋病的流行將大大加速。
南方某地一個小山村中發現有人死於艾滋病，經調查這裡有數家人感染HIV，這是怎麼回事?這里地處偏僻，人們很少與外界接觸，怎麼會感染艾滋病?原來當地幾位女子外出“打工”，從事性服務工作，後來陸續返鄉結婚生子，結果將艾滋病病毒帶回，又感染了丈夫及子女。
最近北京某大學一位感染艾滋病病毒的女大學生，勇敢地通過媒體公佈自己的感染過程，以警示青年人，應謹慎自己的性行為。她是因與外籍青年談戀愛被對方感染，直到對方發病後，才發現自己也被感染。愛情是美麗的，但艾滋病是可怕的。
艾滋病感染者的精液與陰道分泌物中有大量病毒，在性活動時，局部摩擦很容易造成黏膜的細微破損，病毒就會進入對方的血液中，尤其性亂及男同性戀者中傳播的危險性更大。特別是患有潰瘍性性病者，因為生殖器有創面，會大大增加HIV感染的機會。
雖然通過性傳播艾滋病的機率不高，但是性活動的發生率很高，遠遠高於輸血、應用血液製品等途徑及母嬰傳播，因此全球艾滋病病毒感染大約75%是通過性接觸傳播的。
預防的重點是對廣大群眾加強性健康教育和法制教育，反對“性解放”、“性自由”傾向。減少性伴侶，保持單一的性伴侶關係最安全。在高危人群(賣淫、嫖娼及性服務工作者)中促進正確使用安全套，不失為一種實用的預防方法。同時早期診治性病，也是降低HIV感染的有效措施之一。
2.血液傳播。這是三種傳播途徑中傳播機率最高的，高達95%以上。包括輸入HIV感染者血液、應用含有HIV的血液製品、共用針具，尤其在靜脈吸毒者中以此種傳播方式為主。
2005年11月30日，衛生部長高強在新聞發布會上說，我國約7萬人因採供血感染艾滋病。這些人絕大部分發生在1998年我國《獻血法》頒布之前。
2005年12月16日，某節目，報導了我省北安農場職工醫院因輸血造成艾滋病傳播的國內第一大案。該院在明知自己不具備檢測篩查艾滋病條件的情況下，卻多年來一直進行著非法採供血活動，包括《獻血法》頒布後的數年中。經常到該院賣血的3個“血鬼”中，竟有兩人患有艾滋病!致使十餘名病人因輸血被感染，有的在不知情的情況下傳染給了配偶和孩子，共計19名感染者，2004年10月已有1人死亡。
1998年10月1日，我國實施《獻血法》以來，嚴格規範了採供血工作，號召群眾無償獻血，嚴厲打擊非法買賣血活動。群眾要謹慎輸血，盡量減少不必要的輸血。必要時應用可靠血源的血液，逐步推廣自體輸血方法。
最近有全國百餘名血友病患者長期使用血液製品第八因子後感染艾滋病的報導。我國政府早就對血液製品的生產使用有明文規定，但總有人為了一己私利，置人民群眾的生命安全於不顧。
所以，應用血液製品一定要慎重，盡量不用或少用血液製品。不自行從國外帶回血液製品。
絕對不可嘗試吸毒，吸毒者很容易接受靜脈注射的方式。
兒童接受計劃免疫注射時一定要確保一人一針一管，拒絕多人合用注射器或針頭。
醫療過程中應用未經嚴格消毒的針具、器械也存在感染的可能。接受有損傷的診療行為，一定要到能夠認真執行消毒措施的醫療機構。
美容、穿孔、文身，甚至刮臉、修腳均有可能造成小的傷口而傳播HIV，所以不要共用剃刀、指甲剪刀、牙刷等用具，不要進行穿孔、文身等活動，也不要在非正規的美容院進行醫療美容。
實際上HIV的活力很弱，它比乙肝病毒的傳染程度小得多，如果被HIV污染的針頭紮傷，感染率只有3‰，而被乙肝病毒污染的針頭紮傷，感染率卻達30% 。 HIV在體外僅能存活幾分鐘，在體液中可存活數日。常規應用的消毒劑均可將其殺滅。因此，只要認真做好消毒工作，不造成污染，就能有效地預防感染。
總之，艾滋病血液傳播的本質就是含有病毒的血液和體液進入到被感染者的血液裡，凡是有這種可能的情況均應避免，而無此種可能的接觸則不必擔心。
3.母嬰傳播。又稱圍產期傳播。絕大多數兒童HIV感染者是經母嬰垂直傳播感染的。 HIV陽性的孕婦可以通過妊娠、分娩和母乳喂養傳染胎兒或嬰兒。母嬰傳播的機率是25%~30%。母親HIV載量越高，嬰兒受感染的機會就越大。可以通過應用抗病毒藥物降低HIV載量來減少母嬰傳播。
在艾滋病流行區，號召孕婦進行產前HIV檢測，以早診斷。 HIV陽性孕婦應避孕，HIV陽性孕婦應終止妊娠，避免生育。
而防止性傳播，使育齡婦女免受感染是一級預防。
What is required to watch out for AIDS
AIDS can be said is the most serious and pose the greatest threat to mankind as an infectious disease, known as the "super cancer" and "Century killer." China's AIDS epidemic in terms of time is divided into three periods: 1985 to 1988 distributed period 1989 to 1994 as a local epidemic period since 1995 for a wide range epidemic period.
Monitoring data show that AIDS by drug use, prostitution, prostitution and other high-risk groups to the general population. AIDS patients in China in recent years about 30% annual rate of growth, the epidemic has entered a period of rapid growth.
January 25, China's Ministry of Health, UNAIDS, the World Health Organization in Beijing, jointly issued the "2005 China's AIDS epidemic and the prevention and treatment progress", the epidemic assessment report shows that China's current HIV infection and the patient is about 650,000 , in which AIDS is about 7.5 million in 2005 new HIV infections occurred at about 60000 ~ 80000, AIDS-related deaths about 2.5 million people. A wide range of China's AIDS epidemic, large regional differences, as at the end of November 2005, reporting total number of people infected with HIV are more than 30,000 people in Henan and Yunnan. There are more than 10,000 cases in Guangxi, Xinjiang and Guangdong. At the same time the report also revealed that a considerable number of HIV-infected persons has not been found.
AIDS is a terrible disease because it is 100% fatal, the current medical standards can not be cured, only to control their development, and to extend the patient's life, and this need to have appropriate treatment time. However, it can be prevented. The spread of HIV is not a very strong force, it will not spread through our daily activities, such as: shaking hands, hugging, sharing meals, general kissing, sharing of office supplies, toilets, swimming pools, telephones, etc., as well as sneezing, mosquito bites will not spread AIDS. There are three of its transmission: sexually transmitted, blood-borne, and mother to child transmission.
1. Sexually transmitted. HIV in China now accounts for about half of three routes of infection, the most important route of transmission. The distribution of AIDS is based on the first phase of drug addicts using syringes of blood-borne CPC-based. This shift marks the AIDS epidemic will be greatly accelerated.
Somewhere south of a small mountain town find someone died of AIDS, we have investigated a number of family members here, infected with HIV, how it is going on? Here, remoteness, it is little contact with the outside world, how can become infected with AIDS? Old local woman out of several "work" engaged in sex work, and later married and returned home after another, the result of HIV back, but also infected her husband and their children.
Recently a Beijing University, one of the female students infected with HIV, the courage to publish their infection through the media process, as a warning to young people, should be mindful of their own sexuality. She is due to fall in love with foreign youth are infected each other until the other side after onset, they find themselves infected. Love is beautiful, but AIDS is terrible.
HIV-infected semen and vaginal secretions of a large number of virus in sexual activities, the local friction is likely to result in subtle mucosal damage, the virus will enter each other's blood, in particular, sexual promiscuity, and male homosexuals in the risk of transmission of more. Especially those who suffer from ulcerative sexually transmitted diseases because those who have genital wound, would greatly increase the HIV infection.
Although the risk of HIV through sexual transmission is not high, but the high incidence of sexual activity, much higher than blood transfusion, use of blood products and other ways and mother to child transmission of the global HIV-infected about 75% is spread through sexual contact.
Prevention focused on the masses to strengthen sexual health education and legal education, opposition to "sexual liberation", "sexual freedom" tendency. Reduction of sexual partners, to maintain a single sexual partner relationship is the safest. In the high-risk groups (prostitution, visiting prostitutes and sex workers) to promote the correct use of condoms, after all, a practical preventive measures. The same time, early diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases, but also effective measures to reduce HIV infection is one.
2. Blood-borne. This is a spread of three transmission of the highest probability as high as 95%. Including input HIV-infected blood, the application containing the HIV blood products, shared needles and syringes, especially in intravenous drug users for such a mode of transmission main.
November 30, 2005, Health Minister Gao Qiang said at a news conference, our blood collection and supply of about 7 million people die from AIDS. Most of those occurred in 1998, China's "Blood Donation Law" before the enactment.
December 16, 2005, a program, reported the province Bei'an Farm Workers Hospital, the spread of AIDS through blood transfusion, China's first major. Grounded in knowing that he did not have the AIDS screening test conditions, but for many years been engaged in the illegal blood collection and supply activities, including "Blood Donation Law" after the enactment of several years. Often go to the hospital blood-selling three "blood devil" in as much as two people suffering from AIDS! Resulted in a dozen patients have been infected through blood transfusion, in some cases unknowingly transmitted to the spouse and children, a total of 19 were infected, in October 2004 has been one died.
October 1, 1998, China implemented the "Blood Donation Law" has been strictly standardized blood collection and supply work, unpaid blood donation call for the masses to crack down on illegal trade activities in the blood. People to be careful blood transfusion, to minimize unnecessary transfusions. When necessary, use a reliable source of blood, blood, and gradually promote the method of autologous blood transfusion.
Recently, hundreds of people nationwide long-term use of blood products for hemophilia patients with factor VIII, after HIV infection were reported. My Government has long been the production of blood products use of express provision, but there are for their own gain, and placing people's lives and safety.
Therefore, the application of blood products must be careful as far as halting the use of blood products. Do not bring back their own blood products from abroad.
Never be experimenting with drugs, intravenous drug users is very receptive to approach.
When children receive immunization program must ensure that a person, one needle one, refused to people sharing syringes or needles.
Medical procedure without the strict application of sterile needles, the device also exists the possibility of infection. Accept injury clinics conduct, there must be enough to seriously implement disinfection measures in the medical institutions.
Beauty, piercing, tattoos, or even shave, pedicure may result in minor wounds are spread HIV, so do not share razors, nail scissors, toothbrushes and other appliances, not to carry out piercing, tattoos and other activities, do not be in the non-formal beauty salon medical beauty.
Fact, the vitality of HIV is very weak, than the level of hepatitis B virus infection is much smaller and, if HIV contaminated needle-stick injuries, infection rate of only 3 ‰, which were hepatitis B virus contaminated needle-stick injuries, infection rates are up to 30% . HIV can only survive a few minutes in vitro, in body fluids can survive for several days. Routine application of disinfectants may be to kill. Therefore, as long earnestly disinfection does not cause pollution, can effectively prevent infection.
In short, the nature of the spread of AIDS and the blood is blood and body fluids containing the virus into the blood of infected persons, any such possible scenarios should be avoided, without such exposure is likely to worry about.
3. Mother to child transmission. Also known as perinatal transmission. The majority of children are infected with HIV through mother to child vertical transmission of infection. HIV-positive pregnant women through pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding transmission of the fetus or infant. Mother to child transmission probability is 25% ~ 30%. The higher the mother's HIV load, the infant the greater the chance of infection. Can be reduced through the application of antiviral drugs to reduce mother to child HIV transmission load.
Area of the AIDS epidemic, calling for prenatal HIV testing of pregnant women, to early diagnosis. HIV-positive pregnant women should be contraception, HIV-positive pregnant women should be termination of pregnancy to avoid birth.
And the prevention of sexually transmitted, so that women of childbearing age is a prevention against infection.
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