有一些特殊的儿童群体已经引起社会的普遍关注,比如随父母进城的农民工子弟、农村留守儿童以及街头的流浪儿童,政府和社会也投入了许多精力和经费来帮助他们摆脱困境。但是还有一个处境艰难的儿童群体,相对于其他特殊的儿童群体来说,他们并不是一个庞大的群体,因此还没有得到足够的重视,这就是艾滋病致孤儿童。
什么是艾滋病致孤儿童
联合国艾滋病规划署2004年6月以前对艾滋病致孤儿童的定义是,15岁以下、父母一方或双方死于艾滋病的儿童。2004年6月,为了和联合国儿童权利公约中儿童的定义一致,联合国艾滋病规划署将艾滋病致孤儿童的定义扩展到18岁以下父母一方或双方死于艾滋病的儿童,并强调了高年龄段儿童与低龄儿童在生殖健康、生活技能、职业培训、婚姻家庭等多方面不同的需求。
因为上世纪90年代初的河南农民卖血事件,河南省成为全国艾滋病疫情较严重的地区之一,而在那里,农村中很多儿童饱受丧亲之痛。截止到2010年,河南省内艾滋病致孤儿童人数达到2891人,单亲家庭未成年子女5961人,全省受艾滋病影响的儿童共约4万人,他们基本上是和爷爷奶奶生活在一起。(据2010年5月28日《法制日报》报道)
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他们的现状如何?
这些儿童的父母基本上都是家庭的主要劳动力,由于家中劳动力感染艾滋病,这些家庭不得不将更多的钱投入到治疗中,许多家庭因此而负债累累。这些感染者去世后,只留下了小孩、老人以及高额的债,因此大多艾滋病致孤儿童生活质量较差,一项社会调查显示,超过70%受调查者表示经济状况糟糕是艾滋病致孤儿童现在面临的最大问题。更糟糕的是,由于家庭经济压力,一些孩子不得不选择中途辍学。
心理创伤是艾滋病致孤儿童遭遇的另外一个难题。首先,父母的疾病和死亡会给孩子的心灵造成极大创伤。由于失去了父母,艾滋病致孤儿童非常缺乏爱的温暖,往往很容易倾向于自闭和自卑。尽管不少的艾滋病致孤儿童是与爷爷奶奶一起住,但是由于缺乏交流,以及担心别人不愿和自己交往、怕人欺负等等因素更加重了这种心理创伤。
主要的救助措施
由于河南省存在相对多的艾滋病致孤儿童,因此河南也十分重视这个问题。从2003年年底开始,河南对受艾滋病影响的儿童实行了分类救助,经过不断探索,形成了一整套救助安置政策体系。政策规定,双亲去世的4万名艾滋病致孤儿童每月可获得200元补贴,父母一方去世的艾滋病致孤儿童每月可获得100元补助。父母有一方或者均被感染了艾滋病的家庭中的儿童,按照河南省的规定,这种家庭中的所有成员都享受低保,每人每月50元。所有受艾滋病影响的儿童在义务教育阶段享受国家"两免一补"政策,高中阶段每年可以享受800元专项助学金。
在在疫情比较重的地方,河南省建了21所阳光家园机构,此外,以及建立艾滋病安置救助指导中心。前者是用以集中收养附近一些乡村的因艾滋病致孤儿童,而救助知道中心的主要任务是为救助对象建立个人档案,定期对救助对象尤其是孤儿的生活情况进行巡查,组 织孤儿集体活动,并对家庭寄养孤儿的家长进行教育培训和指导。许明成希望下一步能普及这种机构,并由专业的社会工作者来进行服务。迄今,河南省已有7个 市、13个县和20个乡镇的民政部门建立了这样的指导中心。
此外,在2007年11月,全国妇联和中国儿童少年基金会共同发起了中国温暖“12·1”项目。该项目为期5年,通过设立并发展这一爱心基金,扩大对艾滋病致孤儿童的帮扶范围。项目计划为万名艾滋病致孤儿童寻找爱心家 庭,对爱心家庭进行资助和培训。该项目2007年在云南等7个省进行了试点,共资助艾滋致孤儿童1180名,取得了良好的社会反响。(据《南国早报》2008年12月2日报道)
回归家庭是最重要的拯救途径
对于这些儿童来说,心理帮助是极为重要的。因此现在各地也在试图为这些孩子提供一个新的家庭,通过这样的方式让孩子重新感受到家庭的温暖,并逐步走出阴影。"模拟家庭"就是其中的一种。所谓的模拟家庭,就是在疫病比较集中、比较重的地方,政府出钱在村里建一座房子,并招聘阳光妈妈、阳光爸爸。这些阳光父母来自于村里选最好的家庭、最成功的家庭,或者说这个家庭在这个村里评价特别高,同时还要经过一定的挑选程序。最终挑选出来的父母以及孤儿组成一个家庭,一家里有四五个或者五六个。在这个家庭里有爸爸、有妈妈、有兄弟姊妹,生活非常好。其它的很少几个按照国家《收养法》收养。此外,"家庭寄养"也被看做是一条重要途径,但是现在被家庭寄养的孩子数量还比较少。除此之外,人们也可以通过收养的形式来帮助他们。
公益小知识:
收养人应具备以下条件:
1、根据《中华人民共和国收养法》规定,收养人应同时具备的条件为:
(1)无子女。
所谓“无子女”是指收养人既没有亲生子女,也没有养子女和继子女。
(2)有抚养教育被收养人的能力。
所谓“有抚养教育被收养人的能力”,是指收养人应当具有完全民事行为能力,在身体、智力、经济、道德品质和教育子女等方面具有抚养和教育被收养人的能力,能够履行父母对子女应尽的义务。
(3)未患有在医学上认为不应当收养子女的疾病。
所谓“未患有在医学上认为不应当收养子女的疾病”,主要是指精神疾病和传染病。
(4)年满30周岁。
所谓“年满30岁”,是包括30周岁本数在内。夫妻共同收养,则必须双方都年满30周岁。
2、有配偶者收养子女,须夫妻同意共同收养。
3、无配偶的男性收养女性的,收养人与被收养人的年龄应当相差四十周岁以上。
4、收养三代以内同辈旁系血亲的子女,可以不受生父母有特殊困难无力抚养子女、收养人与被收养人的年龄应当相差四十周岁以上和被收养人不满十四周岁的限制。
所谓"三代以内同辈旁系血亲",是指兄弟姐妹和第三代堂、表兄弟姐妹;三代以内同辈旁系血亲的子女,是指兄弟姐妹的子女和第三代堂、表兄弟姐妹的子女,即侄子女、外甥、外甥女和第四代的堂子女、表侄子女、表外甥、表外甥女。
5、收养孤儿、残疾儿童或者社会福利机构扶养的查找不到生父母的弃婴和儿童,可以不受收养人无子女和收养一名的限制。
艾滋病致孤兒童處境艱難急需社會關愛
2010年06月03日 09:39鳳凰網公益綜合
有一些特殊的兒童群體已經引起社會的普遍關注,比如隨父母進城的農民工子弟、農村留守兒童以及街頭的流浪兒童,政府和社會也投入了許多精力和經費來幫助他們擺脫困境。但是還有一個處境艱難的兒童群體,相對於其他特殊的兒童群體來說,他們並不是一個龐大的群體,因此還沒有得到足夠的重視,這就是艾滋病致孤兒童。
什麼是艾滋病致孤兒童
聯合國艾滋病規劃署2004年6月以前對艾滋病致孤兒童的定義是,15歲以下、父母一方或雙方死於艾滋病的兒童。 2004年6月,為了和聯合國兒童權利公約中兒童的定義一致,聯合國艾滋病規劃署將艾滋病致孤兒童的定義擴展到18歲以下父母一方或雙方死於艾滋病的兒童,並強調了高年齡段兒童與低齡兒童在生殖健康、生活技能、職業培訓、婚姻家庭等多方面不同的需求。
因為上世紀90年代初的河南農民賣血事件,河南省成為全國艾滋病疫情較嚴重的地區之一,而在那裡,農村中很多兒童飽受喪親之痛。截止到2010年,河南省內艾滋病致孤兒童人數達到2891人,單親家庭未成年子女5961人,全省受艾滋病影響的兒童共約4萬人,他們基本上是和爺爺奶奶生活在一起。 (據2010年5月28日《法制日報》報導)
他們的現狀如何?
這些兒童的父母基本上都是家庭的主要勞動力,由於家中勞動力感染艾滋病,這些家庭不得不將更多的錢投入到治療中,許多家庭因此而負債累累。這些感染者去世後,只留下了小孩、老人以及高額的債,因此大多艾滋病致孤兒童生活質量較差,一項社會調查顯示,超過70%受調查者表示經濟狀況糟糕是艾滋病致孤兒童現在面臨的最大問題。更糟糕的是,由於家庭經濟壓力,一些孩子不得不選擇中途輟學。
心理創傷是艾滋病致孤兒童遭遇的另外一個難題。首先,父母的疾病和死亡會給孩子的心靈造成極大創傷。由於失去了父母,艾滋病致孤兒童非常缺乏愛的溫暖,往往很容易傾向於自閉和自卑。儘管不少的艾滋病致孤兒童是與爺爺奶奶一起住,但是由於缺乏交流,以及擔心別人不願和自己交往、怕人欺負等等因素更加重了這種心理創傷。
主要的救助措施
由於河南省存在相對多的艾滋病致孤兒童,因此河南也十分重視這個問題。從2003年年底開始,河南對受艾滋病影響的兒童實行了分類救助,經過不斷探索,形成了一整套救助安置政策體系。政策規定,雙親去世的4萬名艾滋病致孤兒童每月可獲得200元補貼,父母一方去世的艾滋病致孤兒童每月可獲得100元補助。父母有一方或者均被感染了艾滋病的家庭中的兒童,按照河南省的規定,這種家庭中的所有成員都享受低保,每人每月50元。所有受艾滋病影響的兒童在義務教育階段享受國家"兩免一補"政策,高中階段每年可以享受800元專項助學金。
在疫情比較重的地方,河南省建了21所陽光家園機構,此外,以及建立艾滋病安置救助指導中心。前者是用以集中收養附近一些鄉村的因艾滋病致孤兒童,而救助知道中心的主要任務是為救助對象建立個人檔案,定期對救助對象尤其是孤兒的生活情況進行巡查,組織孤兒集體活動,並對家庭寄養孤兒的家長進行教育培訓和指導。許明成希望下一步能普及這種機構,並由專業的社會工作者來進行服務。迄今,河南省已有7個市、13個縣和20個鄉鎮的民政部門建立了這樣的指導中心。
此外,在2007年11月,全國婦聯和中國兒童少年基金會共同發起了中國溫暖“12·1”項目。該項目為期5年,通過設立並發展這一愛心基金,擴大對艾滋病致孤兒童的幫扶範圍。項目計劃為萬名艾滋病致孤兒童尋找愛心家庭,對愛心家庭進行資助和培訓。該項目2007年在雲南等7個省進行了試點,共資助艾滋致孤兒童1180名,取得了良好的社會反響。 (據《南國早報》2008年12月2日報導)
回歸家庭是最重要的拯救途徑
對於這些兒童來說,心理幫助是極為重要的。因此現在各地也在試圖為這些孩子提供一個新的家庭,通過這樣的方式讓孩子重新感受到家庭的溫暖,並逐步走出陰影。 "模擬家庭"就是其中的一種。所謂的模擬家庭,就是在疫病比較集中、比較重的地方,政府出錢在村里建一座房子,並招聘陽光媽媽、陽光爸爸。這些陽光父母來自於村里選最好的家庭、最成功的家庭,或者說這個家庭在這個村里評價特別高,同時還要經過一定的挑選程序。最終挑選出來的父母以及孤兒組成一個家庭,一家裡有四五個或者五六個。在這個家庭裡有爸爸、有媽媽、有兄弟姊妹,生活非常好。其它的很少幾個按照國家《收養法》收養。此外,"家庭寄養"也被看做是一條重要途徑,但是現在被家庭寄養的孩子數量還比較少。除此之外,人們也可以通過收養的形式來幫助他們。
公益小知識:
收養人應具備以下條件:
1、根據《中華人民共和國收養法》規定,收養人應同時具備的條件為:
(1)無子女。
所謂“無子女”是指收養人既沒有親生子女,也沒有養子女和繼子女。
(2)有撫養教育被收養人的能力。
所謂“有撫養教育被收養人的能力”,是指收養人應當具有完全民事行為能力,在身體、智力、經濟、道德品質和教育子女等方面具有撫養和教育被收養人的能力,能夠履行父母對子女應盡的義務。
(3)未患有在醫學上認為不應當收養子女的疾病。
所謂“未患有在醫學上認為不應當收養子女的疾病”,主要是指精神疾病和傳染病。
(4)年滿30周歲。
所謂“年滿30歲”,是包括30周歲本數在內。夫妻共同收養,則必須雙方都年滿30周歲。
2、有配偶者收養子女,須夫妻同意共同收養。
3、無配偶的男性收養女性的,收養人與被收養人的年齡應當相差四十周歲以上。
4、收養三代以內同輩旁系血親的子女,可以不受生父母有特殊困難無力撫養子女、收養人與被收養人的年齡應當相差四十周歲以上和被收養人不滿十四周歲的限制。
所謂"三代以內同輩旁系血親",是指兄弟姐妹和第三代堂、表兄弟姐妹;三代以內同輩旁系血親的子女,是指兄弟姐妹的子女和第三代堂、表兄弟姐妹的子女,即侄子女、外甥、外甥女和第四代的堂子女、表侄子女、表外甥、表外甥女。
5、收養孤兒、殘疾兒童或者社會福利機構扶養的查找不到生父母的棄嬰和兒童,可以不受收養人無子女和收養一名的限制。 Difficult situation of children orphaned by AIDS need community care
At 09:39 on the June 3, 2010 Fenghuang Wang comprehensive public
There are special groups of children has aroused general concern, such as parents, children of migrant workers into the city, remaining in rural areas and the number of street children, the Government and society put a lot of effort and funds to help bail them out. But there is a group of children in difficult circumstances, relative to other special groups of children, they are not a large group, it has not been enough attention, this is the AIDS orphans.
What are AIDS orphans
UNAIDS in June 2004 prior to the AIDS orphans are defined as 15 years of age, one or both parents died of AIDS in children. June 2004, in order and UN Convention on the Rights of the Child defines children in line, UNAIDS will be the definition of AIDS orphans under the age of 18, extended to one or both parents died of AIDS in children, and highlighted the high age children and young children in reproductive health, life skills, vocational training, marriage and family and other aspects of different needs.
Since the early 90s of last century farmers selling blood in Henan event, the National AIDS epidemic in Henan Province to become one of the more serious, and where the rural areas many children suffering from bereavement. As of 2010, Henan Province, the number of AIDS orphans to 2891 people, single parents of minor children 5961 people in the province of children affected by AIDS, about 4 million people, they are basically living with grandparents. (According to May 28, 2010, "Legal Daily" reports)
Their current status?
Parents of these children are basically the family's main labor, family labor because of HIV infection, these families have to put more money into treatment, many families had been heavily in debt. After the death of those infected, leaving only the children, the elderly and high debt, mostly AIDS orphans so poor quality of life, a social survey shows that over 70% of those surveyed said the economy is bad Orphaned by AIDS The biggest problem now facing children. To make matters worse, due to family economic pressure, some children have dropped out of school choice.
Psychological trauma experienced by children orphaned by AIDS is another problem. First, the parents of illness and death will cause great trauma of the child's mind. Lost their parents because of AIDS orphans is the lack of love, warmth, often tend to self-esteem and low self-esteem easily. Although many AIDS orphans are living together with grandparents, but due to lack of communication, and do not want to worry about others and their own contacts, worried about being bullied, and so forth even more important this trauma.
The main relief measures
Because there is relatively more Henan AIDS orphans, so very concerned with this problem in Henan. From the end of 2003, Henan on children affected by AIDS, the implementation of the classification of aid, through continuous exploration, and forming a relief resettlement policy system. Policy, both parents died of 40,000 AIDS orphans receive a monthly 200 yuan subsidy, one of the parents died of AIDS orphans will receive a monthly 100 yuan subsidy. One parent or were infected with AIDS, children in families, in accordance with the provisions of Henan Province, which all members of the family to enjoy subsistence allowances, 50 yuan per person per month. All children affected by AIDS, the state's compulsory education "two free one subsidy" policy, high school 800 a year to enjoy the special grants.
More weight in the epidemic areas, Henan built 21 homes sun institutions, in addition, placement assistance and guidance to establish an AIDS center. The former is used to focus on the adoption of some villages in the vicinity of children orphaned by AIDS, and relief that the main task is to rescue the object the establishment of personal files on a regular basis, especially on the relief object to inspect the living conditions of orphans, orphans organized group activities, and the family foster parents of orphans education and training and guidance. Xu Mingcheng hope that the next step to popularize the institution, by professional social workers to carry out service. So far, there are 7 cities in Henan province, 13 counties and 20 townships in the civil sector to establish such a guidance center.
In addition, in November 2007, the National Women's Federation and China Children's Foundation co-sponsored by China's warmth, "12.1" project. The project period of 5 years, through the establishment and development of the Heart Fund, and expand support and assistance to children orphaned by AIDS range. Project plan for the 10,000 AIDS orphans find loving families, loving family for support and training. The project in 2007 in the seven provinces of Yunnan, a pilot, a total funding of HIV orphans 1180, and achieved good social repercussions. (According to "Southern Morning Post," December 2, 2008 report)
Family reunification is the most important ways to save
For these children, psychological help is essential. So now the children all over are trying to provide a new family, through this way to make children feel again the warmth of the family, and gradually out of the shadows. "Simulation of the family" is one of them. The so-called simulation family is concentrated in the disease, more important place, the government money to build a house in the village, and the recruitment of the sun mother, father sun. The sun parents choose the best from the village families, the most successful family, or evaluation of the family is particularly high in this village, but also through some selection process. Ultimately selected parents and orphans form a family, a home with 45 or 56. In this family, a father, a mother, a brother and sister, living very well. Very few other countries, according to "Adoption" Adoption. In addition, the "foster care" is also seen as an important way, but now the number of family foster care of children is still relatively small. In addition, people can also adopt the form to help them.
Community Little Knowledge:
Adoptive parents should have the following conditions:
1, according to "The People's Republic of China Adoption Law" stipulates that adoptive parents should also have the conditions:
(1) no children.
The so-called "no children" refers to the adoption of children who neither natural nor adopted children and stepchildren.
(2) to rear and educate the adoptee's ability.
The so-called "have to rear and educate the adoptee's ability to" refers to the adoption shall have full civil capacity, in physical, intellectual, economic, moral quality and education of their children and so have the support and education of the adoptee's ability to fulfill their parents obligations to their children.
(3) not suffering from the medical view that the disease should not adopt a child.
The so-called "not suffer from the medical view that the disease should not adopt a child," mainly refers to mental illness and infectious diseases.
(4) at least 30 years of age.
The so-called "age of 30," is included in this number included 30 years of age. Husband and wife jointly adopt, it must be both at least 30 years of age.
2, a spouse who adopt a child, to husband and wife agreed to co-adopt.
3, no female spouses of male adoption, the adopter and the adoptee's age should be a difference of 40 years of age.
4, adoption collateral consanguinity within three generations the children of peers, can not be biological parents unable to rear their children with special difficulties, the adopter and the adoptee's age should be a difference of 40 years of age and the adoptee age of fourteen restrictions.
The so-called "collateral consanguinity within three generations peer" refers to the third generation of brothers and sisters, and Hall, cousins and sisters; collateral consanguinity within three generations the children of peers, is that the children of brothers and sisters and third-generation church, cousins and sisters of children, that is, Female nephew, nieces, nephews and children of the fourth generation Church, Biaozhi children, table nephew, niece table.
5, orphans, disabled children or dependents of social welfare agencies can not find abandoned babies and children whose parents can not adopt a person with no children and adoption restrictions.