新浪科技讯 北京时间8月9日消息，据美国《探索》杂志报道，科学研究看上去就像一段不停前进的旅程：每一次发现都有助于建立对事物的了解，每一次实验都让我们对大自然的基本法则有更深入的认识。以下是七个令科学家更加困惑的研究发现，它们非但没有揭露事件的本质，反而增添了更多的谜团，使研究人员开始怀疑他们最基本的臆断。这一名单无疑难称完整，只是希望引起大家广泛的好奇心，跟随科学家一起去探究真相。

　　1.宇宙常数

　　20世纪20年代，天文学家认为宇宙的大小是固定的。即便广义相对论预示事实并非如此的时候，爱因斯坦也没有转变思路，找出正确答案。相反，他在自己的理论中发明了一个术语去抵消几乎无处不在的引力，用以保持宇宙的恒定不变。爱因斯坦后来将这一术语(宇宙常数)称为他一生中“最大的错误”。

　　美国科学家埃德温-哈勃的研究揭示了爱因斯坦的错误，让天文学家放弃对静态、稳定宇宙的原有认识，重新开始揭示一个奇异而令人困惑的宇宙。哈勃在自己的研究发现中采用了当时新发现的“宇宙卷尺”——称为“造父变星”(Cepheid variable)的一类特殊恒星。通过在威尔逊山天文台扫描天空，哈勃确定了天体——模糊星云(被认为是银河系中的气态云)的距离。

　　在前人的基础上，哈勃的研究不仅表明，这些星云是它们自己的星系，而且还通过测量它们随时间而变化的速度，证实它们快速远离地球。哈勃的研究还表明，距离银河系越远，这些星云的速度越快。这种解释听上去很有道理，但其他星系为何加速离开地球的原因尚不得而知。今天，大多数物理学家认为是暗能量在作祟，但他们尚不能准确确定这一原因。

　　2.艾滋病疫苗

　　当研究人员开始从事“STEP研究”——3000人参与的雄心勃勃的艾滋病病毒疫苗试验，他们认为这种疫苗会是阻止艾滋病病毒扩散的最佳方法。但是2007年，国际制药巨头默克公司的研究人员突然中止了这项研究。原来，艾滋病病毒疫苗非但不能保护参与者，反而令他们更有可能被这种病毒感染。这项研究利用功能受到削弱的感冒病毒(腺病毒5)去传递在实验室制造的艾滋病病毒片段。研究人员希望，人体免疫系统可以攻击这些艾滋病病毒片段，接着识别并消灭真正的病毒。

　　虽然参与者就如何避免被艾滋病病毒感染接受了专门培训，但最后仍有一些人被感染。仅仅这一点就意味着，艾滋病病毒疫苗对这些参与者不灵验。令研究人员警觉的一件事是，那些以前曾暴露于感冒病毒的人，在接种过艾滋病病毒疫苗以后，似乎更有可能被艾滋病病毒感染。

　　研究人员立即停止了利用感冒病毒进行的同类研究。研究人员至今未找到疫苗令有些人更易感染艾滋病病毒的原因，这次引人注目的研究失败被广泛视为疫苗研究领域的一次重大挫折。有些科学家提出放弃临床试验，重新回到基础研究。美国艾滋病疫苗倡导联盟则表示，在艾滋病疫苗研究领域，“STEP研究提出的问题多过解答的问题。”

　　3.量子纠缠

　　听一听爱因斯坦是怎么说的吧：任何事物的移动速度都没有光速快。狭义相对论宣称，如果可以，那么就能改变因果关系：例如，你可以在第一球投出以前，给朋友打电话，告诉他棒球比赛的胜负结果。1935年，爱因斯坦和另外两位物理学家鲍里斯-波多尔斯基和纳森-罗森利用这一事实说明，量子力学是不完整的理论。

　　他们设计了一个实验，寻求两个粒子之间奇异的量子联系。量子纠缠则宣称，两个粒子，无论分离多远，它们之间都存在一种神秘的关联，相互影响。三位物理学家设计的实验假设使两个处于量子纠缠的粒子远离彼此。如果测量一个粒子会影响另一个粒子同时做出改变，那么两个粒子互动的速度应该超过光速。这显然是不可能的。

　　20世纪80年代，研究人员实施了这个看似不可能的实验，而且成功了。想象一下，粒子穿过两个粒子间的物体或一个满载信息的粒子。在2008年的量子纠缠实验中，日内瓦城的研究人员发现，在他们的装置中，那个物体可能以至少一万倍于光速的速度运行。这似乎表明，两个粒子并没有相互之间传递任何真实的信息，相反，测量其中一个会立即影响另一个。不幸的是，这种解读让我们回想起爱因斯坦最早对量子纠缠的苦恼——这位伟大的物理学家称那是一种“鬼魅似的远距作用”。

　　4.人类基因组

　　1909年，丹麦植物学家威廉-约翰森(Wilhelm Johanssen)造出了“基因”一词，将其描绘成一种可令子女遗传父母特质的机制。到20世纪60年代，这一定义因特定原因而发生变化：基因是用以制造蛋白的DNA编码。10年前，人类基因组计划成功绘制出第一个人类基因组序列图。但是，科学家却无法对完全揭开人类基因组之谜感到高兴，因为整个故事还有许多疑问。

　　20世纪80年代和90年代，研究人员发现只有1.2%左右的人类DNA代码用于蛋白制造：有些人称这些代码为“垃圾”。莱斯利-奥格尔和弗朗西斯-克里克在1980年发表的论文将这种DNA称为“终极寄生虫”。然而，即便是在这个看似无用的DNA“垃圾堆”，研究人员仍在寻找有功能的片段。

　　似乎，就在我们对人类基因组展开深入探究时，我们才意识到对它们的了解远远不够。例如，研究人员发现，部分人类DNA片段就好比基因“电话总机”。依附于这些片段的分子可以打开或关闭生成蛋白的基因，一旦出现故障，可能会诱发从抑郁到肥胖等众多疾病。

　　此外，这些“开关”在诞生以后可以调换，依附于DNA片段的分子可以被环境因素添加或删减。例如，麦吉尔大学研究人员迈克尔-米尼最近发现，小老鼠母亲舔舐它们的频率改变了依附于小老鼠DNA上的分子，从而可能改变了它们的压力水平。正在实施的人类表观基因组计划希望对这些DNA片段及其影响进行研究。

5.西伯利亚指骨

　　这一切都始于在西伯利亚山洞发现的一块拥有4万年历史的指骨。虽然一根手指似乎并不能令研究继续下去，但研究人员从手指中提取了DNA，用以搞清楚手指的主人。他们原本以为手指可能来自尼安德特人，或早期人类的亲属，但分析结果却发现指骨属于一个非常特别的女士——研究人员称之为“X女士”。

　　研究人员特别对提取自指骨的线粒体DNA做了细致研究。线粒体DNA一般只通过母系遗传，是探索人类进化的绝佳工具。两个现代人的线粒体DNA可能只有数十处不同之处，但他们与尼安德特人的差异却有近200处。当研究人员将“X女士”的线粒体DNA与现代人做了比较后，竟然发现了大约400处不同。

　　这一发现又给人类进化过程增添了新的疑团。如果“X女士”代表一个新人种(这个疑问至今仍在讨论之中)，那表明一个我们一无所知的原始人种从非洲迁出，与尼安德特人及欧洲和亚洲的早期现代人生活在同一个地方。有关潜在新人种(如发现于印度尼西亚的“矮人族”弗洛勒斯人)的争议进一步证明了一个概念，即人类进化树有许多分支。由于智人是唯一生存至今的人种，所以，我们可能认为人类进化树是笔直的，呈流线型。

　　6.信息素

　　谈到爱情，人们往往会说一切取决于是否发生化学反应。但是，人的吸引力确实与信息素有关联吗？51年前，彼得-卡尔森和马丁-卢彻(Martin Luscher)发明了“信息素”一词，用于描述在同一个物种成员之间传递的化学信号。从此以后，研究人员发现了各种各样的生物利用化学物传递重要话题的信息，如食物、交配和危险等，其中就包括许多昆虫以及从老鼠到吸血鬼鱼等物种。

　　所有这一切似乎表明，人类也可以利用化学信号交流，科学家实施了大量有关汗液气味的研究，试图证明人类信息素可以传递各种信息，例如，害怕什么东西，女人何时来例假。然而，令香水制造商沮丧的是，看上去没人能够找到相关化学物或受体。即便是那些坚决支持人类信息素存在的研究人员，也被迫承认“没有任何以生物测定为导向的研究导致真正人类信息素的隔离”。

　　7.神秘粒子

　　20世纪30年代，物理学家看上去在识别由原子决定的一切事物的道路上畅通无阻。例如，他们知道原子核是由质子和中子构成的，他们怀疑世上一定存在某种力量，使得这些相互间强烈排斥的质子可以在原子核中紧密相连。这一猜测令他们相信，这种具有神奇力量的粒子可能是一种中间粒子——“介子”：比电子稍大，比质子稍小。

　　但是，研究人员在1936年扫描宇宙射线时，并没有去寻找介子。他们发现的未知粒子最终使得美国物理学家、诺贝尔奖得主伊西多-艾萨克-拉比发出这样的疑问，“这是谁定的？”宇宙射线包括大小相当于假设介子的粒子，研究人员由此认为他们发现了这种神秘粒子。

　　然而，就在物理学家继续研究这种粒子(后被命名为“μ介子”)时，他们发现它只是在大小方面“达标”。μ介子是一种相当好用的“胶水”，因为它们与原子核几乎不发生任何作用。数十年来，这一疑问始终萦绕在科学家心头，直至1979年物理学家发现了“胶子”，这是一种携带较强核力的粒子，能使原子核结合在一起。

　　虽然已经有一个问题得到解答，但仍有更多的疑问至今没有答案。欧洲核子研究组织(CERN)大型强子对撞机项目物理学家仍在寻找新粒子以完成标准模型。他们尤其在寻找被称为“上帝粒子”的希格斯玻色子，其他所有粒子的质量都源于希格斯玻色子。物理学家能否找到这种粒子？或者，研究结果是否与他们预想的有出入呢？就让我们拭目以待吧。(孝文)

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• 艾滋病成为第一大死因病种[刘君]的对策与思考Seven of puzzled scientists: from the cosmological constant to mysterious particles with AIDS vaccine
  http://www.sina.com.cn 2010 年 08 月 09 日 08:02 Sina Technology
  SAN FRANCISCO, Aug. 9, according to the United States "explore" magazine, science looks like a non-stop journey ahead: Every time that will help to build understanding of things, both for each experiment The basic law of nature we have a better understanding. Here are seven more puzzled that scientists found that they not only failed to reveal the nature of the incident, but added more mystery to the researchers began to doubt their most basic assumptions. Not difficult, said the complete list, just want to arouse the curiosity of a wide range, follow the scientists, to explore the truth.
  
  1. Cosmological constant
  
  
  Cosmological constant
  20 years of the 20th century, astronomers believe that the size of the universe is fixed. Even if general relativity is not the case indicates that when Einstein did not change ideas, to find the correct answer. Instead, he invented his own theory of a term to offset the almost everywhere in the gravity, to maintain a constant universe. Einstein later this term (cosmological constant) as in his life, "the biggest mistake."
  
  U.S. scientists Edwin - Hubble's research reveals Einstein's wrong, so astronomers to give up on the static stability of the original understanding of the universe, and begin again reveals a strange and confusing universe. Hubble discovered in their study used the then newly discovered "cosmic tape" - known as "Cepheid variable stars" (Cepheid variable) of a special class of stars. Mount Wilson Observatory by scanning the sky, Hubble identified objects - fuzzy nebulae (the Milky Way is considered in the gas cloud) of the distance.
  
  In the previous based on Hubble's study not only shows that these nebulae are their own galaxy, but also by measuring their rate of change over time, confirmed that they quickly away from the Earth. Hubble's research also shows that the farther away the galaxy, the faster these nebulae. This explanation sounds reasonable, but the other galaxies from the Earth to accelerate the reason why is unclear. Today, most physicists believe that dark energy at work, but they still can not accurately determine the cause.
  
  2. AIDS Vaccine
  
  
  AIDS vaccine
  When the researchers began to engage in "STEP Study" - 3000 to participate in the ambitious HIV vaccine trials, they believe the vaccine is to prevent the spread of HIV the best way. But in 2007, the international pharmaceutical giant Merck & Co. researchers abruptly halted the study. It turned out that HIV vaccine not only failed to protect participants, but they are more likely to be infected with this virus. This study used functional weakened cold virus (adenovirus 5) to transfer the AIDS virus in a laboratory segment. The researchers hope that the human immune system can attack the AIDS virus fragments, and then identify and eliminate the real virus.
  
  Although the participants on how to avoid being infected with HIV received special training, but in the end there are still some people have been infected. This alone means that the HIV vaccine is not efficacious for these participants. Alert researchers to make one thing, those who previously were exposed to influenza virus in vaccinated HIV vaccine, it appeared more likely to be infected with HIV.
  
  The researchers immediately stop the use of influenza viruses similar study. The researchers have not found the vaccine to make some people more vulnerable to infection with HIV causes of failure of this high-profile field of vaccines is widely regarded as a major setback. Some scientists give up the clinical trial and return to basic research. U.S. AIDS Vaccine Advocacy Coalition said in AIDS vaccine research, "STEP study questions more than answers the question."
  
  3. Quantum entanglement
  
  
  Quantum entanglement
  Listen to how Einstein said it: anything fast moving speed not the speed of light. Special theory of relativity claims, and if so, causal relationship can be changed: for example, you can cast the first ball before a friend called to tell him the outcome of a baseball game results. In 1935, Einstein and two other physicists - Boris Podolski and Nathan - Rosen advantage of this fact shows that quantum mechanics is incomplete theory.
  
  They designed an experiment to find two strange quantum connection between particles. Quantum entanglement is declared, the two particles, regardless of how far the separation between them are associated with the existence of a mysterious, influence each other. Hypothesized that the three physicists designed so that the two particles in quantum entanglement away from each other. If the measurement of a particle affects the other particle at the same time to make a change, then the speed of interaction between two particles should exceed the speed of light. This is clearly impossible.
  
  80 years of the 20th century, researchers implemented a test of this seemingly impossible, and succeeded. Imagine two particles through the particle object, or a full information of the particles. Quantum entanglement in the 2008 experiment, researchers found that the city of Geneva, in their devices, the objects may be in order at least one million times the speed of light running. This seems to indicate that between the two particles do not pass any real information, on the contrary, measurement of one of the immediate impact of the other. Unfortunately, this interpretation let us recall that Einstein's first quantum entanglement of distress - the great physicist, said it was a "ghost-like long-distance effect."
  
  4. Human Genome
  
  
  Human Genome
  In 1909, Danish botanist William - Johnson (Wilhelm Johanssen) and fashioned "gene" is, to enable children to portray a kind of genetic characteristics of the mechanism of their parents. 60 years of the 20th century, this definition changed for specific reasons: genes encoding DNA used to make proteins. 10 years ago, the Human Genome Project successfully mapped the first human genome sequence map. However, scientists were unable to fully reveal the mystery of the human genome was pleased, because there are many questions throughout the story.
  
  20th century 80s and 90s, researchers found that only 1.2% of human DNA codes for protein manufacture: Some call this code as "rubbish." Leslie - Ogle and Francis - Crick papers published in 1980, this kind of DNA known as the "ultimate parasite." However, even in this seemingly useless DNA "garbage", the researchers are still looking for sequences.
  
  Seems, in our human genome, in-depth inquiry, we realized that their understanding is not enough. For example, researchers discovered that some genes of human DNA fragment is like "telephone switchboard." Attached to these fragments of molecules can be opened or closed generating protein gene, a breakdown may be induced from depression to obesity and many other diseases.
  
  In addition, the "switch" in the can after the birth of exchange, DNA fragments of the molecule attached to environmental factors can be added or deleted. For example, the McGill University researcher Michael - Mini recently discovered, the little mouse mother licking their frequency changed little mouse attached to the molecule DNA, which may change their levels of stress. The apparent ongoing human genome project and hope that these DNA fragments were studied.
  
  5. Siberia phalanx
  
  
  Siberian phalanx
  It all began in a cave in Siberia have discovered a phalanx 4 years old. Although a finger does not seem to make research continue, but the researchers extracted from the finger DNA, to clear the master finger. They had thought that fingers may come from Neanderthals or early human relatives, but the analysis found that phalanx is a very special lady - the researchers called "X President."
  
  In particular, the researchers extracted mitochondrial DNA from the phalanx did meticulous research. Mitochondrial DNA generally through maternal inheritance, is an excellent tool for exploring human evolution. Mitochondrial DNA of two people today may have only dozens of differences, but they are there differences with the Neanderthal near 200. When the researchers "X President" of the mitochondrial DNA was compared with the modern, it actually found about 400 different.
  
  This discovery gave the process of human evolution has added new doubts. If the "X President," represents a new race (this question is still under discussion), it indicates a primitive species that we know nothing about to move out from Africa, and Neanderthal and early modern Europe and Asia people living in the same place. The potential new races (such as found in Indonesia, "dwarf family," Flores man) is further evidence of a dispute the notion that the human evolutionary tree has many branches. Because Homo sapiens is the only race that exists today, so we may think that the human evolutionary tree is straight, was streamlined.
  
  6. Pheromone
  
  
  Pheromone
  Speaking of love, people tend to say that everything depends on whether a chemical reaction. However, the people and says that information is known as associated with it? 51 years ago, Peter - Carlson and Martin - Lutcher (Martin Luscher) invented the "pheromone" is the term used to describe members of the same species, chemical signals pass between. Since then, researchers have found a variety of biological use of chemicals important topic of information delivery, such as food, mating, and dangers, which include many insects and rodents to the vampire fish from other species.
  
  All of this seems to indicate that humans can make use of the chemical signal exchange, scientists implemented a lot of the smell of sweat, trying to prove that human pheromones can impart information, for example, fear of something, when women come to vacation leave. However, to make perfume manufacturers dismay, no one can seem to find relevant chemicals or receptors. Even those who strongly support the existence of human pheromone research, but also forced to admit "there is no order to bioassay-oriented research leading to real human pheromone isolation".
  
  7. Mysterious particles
  
  
  Mysterious particles
  30 years of the 20th century, physicists looked at the identification of the atoms determine the path of all things smooth. For example, they know that the nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons, they suspect that there must be a world power, making these among the strong rejection of protons in the nucleus can be closely linked. The speculation that they believe has the magic power of such particles may be an intermediate particle - "meson": slightly larger than the electron, smaller than the proton.
  
  However, the researchers scanned in 1936, when cosmic rays, and did not go looking for mesons. They found that the final result, the U.S. unknown particle physicist, Nobel Prize winner Isidor - Isaac - Rabbi sent this question, "Who is this set?" Cosmic rays, including the size of the particle meson hypothesis, research officers thus believe that they discovered this mysterious particle.
  
  However, as physicists continue to study this particle (later named "μ meson"), they found that it is only in size "standards." μ meson is a very useful "glue" because they hardly have any role in the nucleus. For decades, this question has always been the mind of scientists, physicists discovered until 1979, the "gluon", which is a strong nuclear force carrying particles, can nuclei together.
  
  Although there is a question answered, but there are still more questions have no answer. European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) Large Hadron Collider project continuing search for new particle physicists to complete the standard model. In particular, they are looking for is called "God particle" of the Higgs boson, the quality of all other particles are derived from the Higgs boson. Particle physicists can find this? Or, whether the findings differ from what they expected? Let us wait and see. (Takafumi)