从企鹅的姻缘谈起--同性恋--艾滋病
2011年01月13日15:02 来源：人民网-传媒频道 央视英语新闻频道主编 朱焱
德国北部一个动物园有十只企鹅，六公四母。这是一种罕见的洪堡企鹅，可是几年来只产下一只幼崽。管理人员发现，公企鹅对四只异性不感兴趣，反倒自己配成三对，自得其乐。为了帮助珍贵物种繁育后代，动物园打算从瑞典引进四只母企鹅，扩大公企鹅的择偶范围。此举一出立刻引起全世界同性恋组织的强烈抗议，连远在地球另一半的澳大利亚都加入了声援队伍。同性恋组织声称，选择伴侣的性别是企鹅的权利，人类不能干涉。动物园园长急忙出来澄清，绝无“强拆姻缘”和“拉郎配”之意。园长说，尚未弄清楚园中企鹅的同性倾向是否由于异性太少所致，所以打算引进“外援”检验其性取向。此外，这种企鹅濒临灭绝，“引凤筑巢”实乃迫不得已。
这件事情发生在2005年2月份，新闻中动物园管理者的态度恰好说明了同性恋组织在西欧国家的社会影响。放眼世界，不同社会对同性恋的态度落差巨大。在一些信仰伊斯兰教的国家，同性恋要被乱石砸死。而德国、意大利、法国和英国等西欧国家，同性恋生活得自由自在。有一次在伦敦地铁里，我抬头碰见一对正在旁若无人地接吻的情侣，怎么看都觉得有些异样。定睛观察，原来两个人都是女的，只不过其中一个的头发比我的还短。在我住的留学生宿舍楼旁边还有一个男同性恋酒吧，据说是众多胆小亚洲女生向往的社交场所。原因很简单，那里有英俊的洋帅哥，没有讨厌的性骚扰。
近些年来，英国同性恋团体为争取法律权益不懈努力。2005年年底，承认同性恋配偶法律地位的法案在英国生效。从此，同性恋配偶可以享受与异性配偶同等的合法权利，比如继承、养老金、同居和离婚。不过，同性恋配偶与传统婚姻关系毕竟不同，比如法案中描述离婚（divorce）的字眼是解散（dissolution）。2007年10月，英国再次颁布法规：散布煽动仇恨同性恋的言论将构成严重犯罪，可以判处7年监禁。在英国，一般的强奸犯也就关5年。
同性恋群体能在英国获取如此广泛的社会认可，很大程度上得益于身居高位的同性恋政要和社会名流。声名显赫的成功人士是媒体追逐的对象， 这些人不断出现在报刊和电视上，有力推动了社会各界对同性恋的接纳。这些名流中有中国人熟悉的歌星乔治?迈克尔、埃尔顿? 约翰以及高官彼得?曼德尔森。1997年英国王妃戴安娜车祸遇难后，埃尔顿? 约翰在葬礼上一曲《风中之烛》给威斯敏斯特教堂多添了一份凄凉，这一幕传遍了世界各个角落。2005年12月，埃尔顿?约翰成为英国首批与男伴登记“结婚”的同性恋者之一。他积极支持同性恋争取权益的社会运动，号召全世界的同性恋“站出来呐喊”。曼德尔森是英国政坛的知名人物，虽然他丑闻不断，并几次被迫辞职，但是一直官运亨通。2004年年底，他曾代表英国就任欧盟贸易代表。任期内，他经常来中国，是中国和欧盟贸易纠纷中的焦点人物。
我和一位英国同性恋名流有过一次面对面的接触，这人是我见过的唯一英国贵族。2006年年底，我去伦敦路透社总部参加世界记者艾滋病报道研讨会，在会议日程上发现了一行字：克里斯?史密斯（史密斯勋爵）：“报道艾滋病”。当时我想，研讨会规格不低啊，还弄来个贵族。别看英国皇室的故事充斥在世界各地的小说、电影和新闻中，等到了英国你会发现，与贵族谋面的机会弥足珍贵，何况还是非同寻常的贵族。
与贵族见面之前，研讨会的组织者向我们简单介绍了勋爵的情况。听完介绍，我就更想见他了，因为他不但是贵族，而且是贵族中的特例。总的来说，英国媒体对他评价很高，说他改变了20多年来英国公共生活的面貌。早在1984年，他就公开宣布自己是同性恋。当时他已经是工党议员了，作出这样的决定需承担巨大的政治风险和心理压力。20多年前，这算得上名副其实的惊人之举。史密斯成为英国第一个承认自己是同性恋的议员后，仕途并没有受影响，这多半要感谢日趋宽容的社会。1997年工党上台后，他在布莱尔内阁中担任了文化、新闻和体育大臣，成为英国有史以来第一个公开同性恋身份的内阁部长。2005年2月份，他又轰动了世界，宣布自己已经感染艾滋病病毒18年。他号召所有感染者鼓起勇气，正视两种恶疾的挑战：艾滋病病毒和同性恋恐怖症。2005年下半年，他退出英国下议院，随即被册封为勋爵，进入上议院，即贵族院。
了解这些基本情况后，我的好奇心油然而生。感染病毒近20年？一般来说感染病毒七八年就该发病了，他会是个什么样子？既然隐瞒了这么长时间，为什么不一直瞒下去呢？是不是瞒不住了？为什么瞒不住了？还有，勋爵当年是怎么感染病毒的呢？
在伦敦市中心的路透社办公室，我们见到了54岁的史密斯勋爵。他身材高大魁梧，完全没有患病的迹象，也看不出和一般人有什么区别，这多少有些出乎意料。说到为什么要公布自己的隐私，勋爵十分坦诚地回忆起4年前的情况。《星期日泰晤士报》记者不知从什么渠道得知史密斯是病毒感染者后与他联络，史密斯随即找到了报社总编。他对总编说，自己感染病毒17年了，但是身体状况良好。看在父母年老体衰的分儿上，不要刺激二老。总编尊重史密斯的意愿，同意保守秘密，但是要求他一旦下决心公开此事，务必把机会留给《星期日泰晤士报》。总编还保证，届时将恪守公众利益原则，绝不进行耸人听闻的猎奇报道。
2005年年初，86岁的南非总统曼德拉向世界宣布，他唯一的儿子被艾滋病夺走了54岁的生命。曼德拉呼吁全世界给艾滋病更多的关注，像对待癌症和肺结核一样看待它，因为这是减少人们对艾滋病歧视的唯一办法。史密斯说，这件事让他下决心公开自己的秘密。他信守诺言，不但把独家新闻的机会留给了《星期日泰晤士报》，还亲自撰文做了配合报道。史密斯想告诉读者，即使感染了病毒也能像正常人一样过丰富多彩的生活、拥有激动人心的事业。作出决定后，史密斯在忐忑不安中守候其他媒体的反响。令他感到欣慰的是，尽管这是个轰动性大新闻，但是大多数反馈是积极的，只有《每日邮报》让史密斯感到厌恶。这并不奇怪，《每日邮报》是著名的极右报纸，对同性恋一贯持反对态度。再加上史密斯是左派工党，政见不同，借题发挥也在所难免。
促使史密斯决定公布隐私的另一个原因是，英国媒体对同性恋和艾滋病的态度越来越宽容，用他自己的话说：“15年来舆论变化之大，都认不出来了！”史密斯认为，20世纪80年代后期，报刊对艾滋病的报道充满了威胁和偏见，不但不准确，而且耸人听闻。那时候，医院里瘦小枯干的病体是电视中艾滋病的标志形象。当时的报道对感染者也没有同情心，把这种病和性乱联系在一起，并且散布男同性恋威胁他人健康的论调。近几年来，随着治疗艾滋病药物的普及和广泛的社会宣传活动，人们开始改变恐惧心理。斯密斯觉得自己太幸运了，因为英国的国民健康服务（NHS）免费提供治疗药物。有了药，艾滋病就和慢性病差别不大了。
在与史密斯座谈的过程中，许多记者想知道他感染病毒的原因。但是，这样一个涉及个人隐私的问题，谁都不愿意开口。勋爵体会到了大家的好奇心，他婉转地说，当年人们对这种病毒所知甚少，更不要提如何防范了，他感染后就对这种病毒一无所知。史密斯觉得最好的预防就是使用安全套。当诸位记者看出勋爵并不避讳谈性，便趁热打铁地提出一个问题：是否有必要在男同性恋青年中推广性行为改变的宣传措施？男同性恋人群一直是艾滋病出现率较高的人群，世界上最早报告的病例就是几个美国男同性恋患者。正因为如此，社会对这一群体曾表现出极度恐慌和歧视。20世纪80年代，连美国警察对付同性恋示威者中的艾滋病疑似患者时，都穿戴着特制的手套和面具。随着人们对艾滋病的了解和世界各地同性恋组织不断掀起的维权运动，这种恐慌和歧视在一些发达国家逐渐减少。但是，未经保护的男性间性行为仍是艾滋病病毒传播的主要渠道。
勋爵再次表现出了他的委婉。他说媒体总是非黑即白，不善于传达黑白之间不同程度的灰色。他觉得，虽然艾滋病可以治疗，但毕竟不是件轻而易举可以对付的疾病。服药的严格程序和副作用令许多人无法坚持，一旦不坚持服药，仍然会丧失生命。对于一般人来说，一定要千方百计避免感染。但是一旦感染，也不必惊慌失措。前者说多了，会引起大众对艾滋病的恐慌和歧视。后者说多了，又可能造成艾滋病无碍大体的印象。媒体如何把两者的关系准确地告诉大众，这并非一件容易的事情。
其实勋爵对艾滋病的看法和同性恋争取社会承认的努力有相似之处。现在一些媒体报道为了减少社会对艾滋病患者的歧视，把艾滋病描绘成一种普通的慢性病，忽略了其可怕的一面。这样做，有失偏颇。这种病毕竟无法治愈，而且大部分感染者得不到治疗药物，特别是发展中国家的感染者。至于同性恋权益组织，他们的奋斗目标是完全被社会接纳，让大家觉得同性恋是正常的、普通的，和异性恋是一样的。但是问题在于，利用媒体不断说明同性恋如何正常、如何应该被社会完全接纳，这样做本身就是在提醒受众，同性恋并不是一件正常和普通的事情。那么，该如何去做呢？留给局中人解答吧。
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Talking from the penguin's marriage - gay - AIDS
At 15:02 on January 13, 2011 Source: People's Daily - English language news channel of CCTV media Channel Editor Zhu Yan
A zoo in northern Germany ten penguins, six public and four female. This is a rare Humboldt penguins, but over the years only one cub birth. Management found male penguins of four are not interested in sex, and have actually dubbed his three pairs of their own entertainment. To help future generations of breeding rare species, the zoo intends to introduce four from Sweden, the mother penguins, penguins mate to expand the scope of the public. This immediately caused an outcry around the world gay organizations, and even as far away as Australia, the other half of the Earth have joined the support team. Gay groups claim, choosing a partner Penguin sex is right, human beings can not interfere. Zoo rushed out to clarify, no "demolitions of marriage" and "arbitrarily arranged" means. Principal said that the park has not yet clear whether the sexual orientation of penguins due to the opposite sex too, so I plan to introduce "foreign aid" test of their sexual orientation. In addition, the penguins threatened with extinction, "lead Phoenix nest," an exercise in necessity.
This happened in February 2005, the news manager's attitude towards the zoo gay organization that illustrates the social impact of Western European countries. The world, different social attitudes to homosexuality gap is huge. In some Islamic countries, homosexuality is to be stoned to death. Germany, Italy, France and Britain and other Western European countries, gay live free. Once in the London Underground, I looked up is no one else to run into a pair of kissing couples, how it all feel a little strange. Gaze observation, the original two people are the woman, but one of the hair is shorter than mine. I live in the student dormitory next to a gay bar, is said to be timid Asian girls aspire to numerous social sites. The reason is simple, where the handsome foreign guy, no nasty sexual harassment.
In recent years, the British gay rights groups to make unremitting efforts to fight the law. The end of 2005, recognizing the legal status of homosexual spouses Act entered into force in the UK. Since then, homosexual and heterosexual spouse, the spouse can enjoy the same legal rights, such as inheritance, pensions, cohabitation and divorce. However, homosexual marriage spouse are different from the traditional, such as described in the bill of divorce (divorce) the words dissolve (dissolution). October 2007, the United Kingdom enacted legislation again: gay spreading hate speech constitute a serious crime, punishable by 7 years imprisonment. In the UK, the average rapist will shut for 5 years.
The gay community in the UK for such a widely recognized, largely due to the high-ranking gay politicians and celebrities. Prominent and successful people pursue the object of the media, who continue to appear in newspapers and on television, a strong impetus to the community acceptance of homosexuality. These celebrities have the Chinese people are familiar with the singer George? Michael, Elton? Peter John, and senior officials? Mandelson. 1997 British Princess Diana died after a car accident, Elton? John at the funeral song "Candle in the Wind" to add more than Westminster Abbey a desolate, this scene spread to every corner of the world. December 2005, Elton? John became the first British male partner registered with the "marriage" of homosexuals. He actively supported the fight for gay rights and interests of social movements, calling the world's gay "stand up and cry." Mandelson is a famous figure in British politics, although he scandals and was forced to resign several times, but it has been to cement it. The end of 2004, he assumed the European Union on behalf of UK Trade Representative. Term of office, he often came to China, China and the EU trade disputes in the spotlight.
And a British gay celebrities I had a face to face contact, this man is the only English aristocrat I've ever seen. The end of 2006, I went to Reuters headquarters in London to attend the World Press reported AIDS Conference, the agenda at the meeting found a line of text: Chris? Smith (Lord Smith): "reports of AIDS." I thought, seminars, specifications are not low ah, but did you get a nobleman. Although the story of the British royal family around the world filled with novels, movies and news, wait until the UK you will find the opportunity to met with the noble precious, not to mention the nobility or unusual.
Before meeting with the nobles, the organizers of the workshop a brief introduction to the Lord our situation. After listening to introduction, I even want to see him, because he is not only noble, but noble in the special case. Overall, the British media for his very highly, saying that he changed the past 20 years the face of British public life. As early as 1984, he publicly announced he was gay. He was already a Labour MP, and to make such a decision should bear the huge political risk and psychological pressure. 20 years ago, this could be considered a real surprise. Smith became Britain's first admit that he is gay members, the career is not affected, which is mostly thanks to an increasingly tolerant society. Labour came to power in 1997, he served in the Blair cabinet, culture, news and sports minister, became the first ever openly gay British cabinet as ministers. February 2005, he rocked the world, announced that they are infected with HIV for 18 years. He called on all infected people the courage to face the challenge of two malignant diseases: HIV and homophobia. Second half of 2005, he retired from the House of Commons, the woman was canonized as the Lord into the House of Lords, the House of Lords.
Understand the basic situation, my curiosity arises spontaneously. Infected nearly 20 years? Seven to eight years in relation to incidence of infection in general, he would be like? Since concealed for so long, why not have Man Xiaqu it? Is not concealed from it? Why not be concealed it? Also, how the Lord then infected it?
Reuters office in central London, we saw a 54-year-old Smith, Lord. He was tall, burly, no signs of illness, and most people can not see any difference, it is somewhat unexpected. Speaking of why publish their own privacy, very frank Lord recalled four years ago. "Sunday Times" reporters do not know from what sources that Smith is HIV-infected person with him, Smith then found a newspaper editor. His editor said he infected with the virus 17 years, but in good health. Look at the aging and ailing parents, children on the points, do not stimulate the old couple. Editor respect the wishes of Smith, confidentiality agreement, but asked him to open mind on the matter, be sure to make room for "The Sunday Times." Editor in chief also assured the public interest will be abide by the principle of novelty must not be sensational reporting.
In early 2005, 86-year-old South African President Nelson Mandela announced to the world his only son to AIDS claimed the lives of 54-year-old. Mandela urged the world to pay more attention to AIDS, cancer and tuberculosis treated the same as look at it, as it is to reduce discrimination against people the only way AIDS. Smith said it made him determined to open his own secret. He keep his promise, not only the exclusive opportunity to leave the "Sunday Times", the author personally do with the report. Smith would like to tell the reader, even if a virus like a normal person can have a colorful life, has an exciting career. After the decision, Smith waiting in uneasy in other media reaction. That he was pleased that, although this is a sensational big news, but most feedback was positive, only the "Daily Mail", Smith disgusted. This is not surprising, "Daily Mail" is a well-known extreme right-wing newspaper, has consistently opposed gay. Smith is a left-wing Labour Party together, political differences, give his own views are inevitable.
Smith announced the decision to promote privacy another reason is that homosexuality and AIDS in British media a more tolerant approach, in his own words: "15 years of great change in public opinion, can not recognize it!" Smith said of the 20th century the late '80s, the press coverage of AIDS is full of threats and prejudice, not only inaccurate, but sensational. At that time, the hospital ill and thin withered sign of the TV image of AIDS. Reported at the time of infection and no compassion, to put this disease and linked to sexual promiscuity and homosexuality threaten the health of others spread the argument. In recent years, with the popularity of drugs to treat AIDS and the extensive social campaign, people began to fear change. Smith felt so lucky because the British National Health Service (NHS) treatment free of charge. With drugs, AIDS and chronic diseases is not very different to the.
In the process of discussion with Smith, many journalists wanted to know his reasons for the virus. However, this one involving personal privacy issues, no one wants to speak. Lord come to understand everyone's curiosity, he said tactfully, when people know very little about the virus, not to mention how to prevent, he knew nothing about the virus after infection. Smith think the best prevention is to use a condom. When reporters see that the Lord does not care about you for talking about sex, they build on the progress to a question: Is there a need to promote sexual behavior of young gay men publicity measures to change? Gay people has been a high occurrence rate of AIDS among the world's first reported case is one of several American gay patients. Because of this, community groups have shown that extreme fear and discrimination. 80 years of the 20th century, even the U.S. police in dealing with gay demonstrators suspected AIDS patients, the wear wearing special gloves and masks. With the understanding of AIDS and gay organizations around the world continue to set off the civil rights movement, this fear and discrimination in some developed countries gradually reduced. However, unprotected sex between men remains the main channel of HIV transmission.
Lord once again demonstrated his tactful. He said the media is always black and white, are unable to convey the different levels of gray between black and white. He feels that, although AIDS can be treated, but after all not an easy to deal with the disease. Strict procedures and medication side effects that many people can not hold, if not insist on medication, will still be loss of life. For most people, we must do everything possible to avoid infection. But once infected, do not panic. The former say more, will cause public panic about AIDS and discrimination. The latter say more, they may not affect the general impression that causes AIDS. The relationship between the media how to accurately tell the public that this is not an easy task.
In fact, the views of Lord of the AIDS and gay social recognition for the efforts of similarities. Now, some media reports in order to reduce social discrimination against AIDS patients, the AIDS represented a common chronic disease, ignoring the terrible side. To do so biased. After all, this disease is not curable, and most infections are not treatment, particularly those infected in developing countries. As for the gay rights organizations, their goals are completely accepted by society, so we feel that homosexuality is normal, ordinary, and heterosexuality is the same. But the question is how to use the media to continue to explain homosexuality normal, how to be fully accepted by society, this is to remind the audience itself, homosexuality is not a normal and ordinary thing. So, how to do it? Left to the players to answer it.