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接种乙肝疫苗有助预防艾滋病
浙江在线健康网 health.zjol.com.cn 2011年05月11日 来源： 杭州网-都市快报 作者： 记者 王真 通讯员 施水泉 俞锋 编辑： 许苏琴
今年6月至11月，杭州将迎来国家卫生城市复评。杭州成为国家卫生城市，其中市民要有健康知识是非常重要的一项衡量标准。杭州市疾控中心副主任、健康教育主任医师曹承建将为大家继续解读点评《公民健康素养66条》。
公民健康素养第16条：坚持正规治疗，绝大部分肺结核病人能够治愈。
专家解读：肺结核的卷土重来，并迁延难愈，与不及时治疗、治疗过程不规范等有关。其实肺结核病并不可怕，只要坚持正规治疗，绝大多数病人都是可以治愈的。国家对此实行免费检查和免费抗结核药物治疗，患者可以到所在地的结核病定点诊治机构就诊。DOTS即直接督导下的短程化疗是当今全世界公认的治疗结核病最有效的方法，患者应按照医生的要求，坚持全程、按时、按量服药，以免转化为难以治疗的耐药结核病。
公民健康素养第17条：艾滋病、乙肝和丙肝通过性接触、血液和母婴三种途径传播，日常生活和工作接触不会传播。
专家解读：艾滋病、乙肝和丙肝严重威胁人类健康，但是不需要过分恐惧，它们的传播是有规律的，主要传播途径包括：血液传播、性接触传播和母婴传播。在日常工作、学习和生活中与患者的一般接触不会被感染，一般不会经浅吻、握手、拥抱、共餐、共用办公用品、共用厕所、游泳池、共用电话、打喷嚏以及蚊虫叮咬等方式而感染，甚至照料病毒感染者或患者也都没有关系，患者在生活中不应受到歧视。健康人注射乙肝疫苗可以起到预防的效果。
公民健康素养第18条：蚊子、苍蝇、老鼠、蟑螂等会传播疾病。
专家解读：“四害”不仅骚扰人们生活和休息，而且还能传播各种疾病。比如蚊子可传播疟疾、乙脑、登革热等疾病；苍蝇可传播霍乱、痢疾、伤寒等疾病；老鼠可以传播鼠疫、流行性出血热、钩端螺旋体病等疾病；蟑螂可以传播痢疾、伤寒等多种疾病。
防制四害，要搞好环境卫生，消除和控制四害孽生地，以及直接杀灭四害。使用药物要注意保管和使用方法，采用安全而高效的药物，防止人畜中毒。
公民健康素养第19条：异常肿块、腔肠出血、体重减轻是癌症重要的早期报警信号。
专家解读：癌症的危害更在于其隐蔽性，早期没有明显症状，容易被人忽视，而进展迅猛，发现时往往已经晚期。因此癌症早期的一些危险信号非常关键，如果能早期发现、早期治疗，治疗效果将大大提高。
这些危险信号包括：乳腺、皮肤、舌或身体其他部位有可触及的或不消的肿块；疣(赘瘤)或黑痣明显变化(如颜色加深、迅速增大、瘙痒、脱毛、渗液、溃烂、出血)；持续性消化不良；吞咽食物有哽噎感、疼痛、胸骨后闷胀不适、食管内异物感或上腹部疼痛；耳鸣、听力减退、鼻塞、鼻衄、抽吸咳出的鼻腔分泌物带血、头痛、颈部肿块；月经期大出血，月经期外或绝经后不规则的阴道流血，接触性出血；持续性嘶哑、干咳、痰中带血；原因不明的大便及黏液或腹泻、便秘交替，原因不明的血尿；久治不愈的伤口溃疡；原因不明的体重下降。
公民健康素养第20条：遇到呼吸、心跳骤停的伤病员，可通过人工呼吸和胸外心脏按压急救。
专家解读：呼吸、心跳骤停是生命最严重、最直接的威胁，现场心肺复苏(CPR)是第一时间挽救伤病员生命的急救技能，为争取进一步到医院治疗而赢得时间。心肺复苏通过口对口吹气和胸外心脏按压，向患(伤)者提供最低限度的脑供血，用于呼吸和心跳突然停止，意识丧失病人的现场急救，如心脏性猝死等危重急症以及触电、溺水、急性中毒、创伤等意外事件造成的心跳、呼吸骤停等。
胸外心脏按压可这样做：将受难者仰卧平放在硬板或地面上，急救者站在受难者右边，左手手掌根部放在胸骨下端(胸部正中的那块骨头就是胸骨)，右手压在左手手背上(小儿可用一只手挤压)，肘关节伸直，利用自身的体重，适当用力向下按压，胸骨下陷3-4厘米，然后两手立即放松，让胸部自行弹起。成人每分钟60-80次，小儿每分钟做100次。
口对口人工呼吸可这样做：将受难者仰卧，急救者一手托起受难者的下颌，尽量使其头部后仰，同时掰开他的口，拉出舌头。另一只手紧捏其鼻孔，急救者深吸一口气，向其口内用力吹气。吹完气，立即放松鼻子。这样反复进行，每分钟吹气14-16次，小儿可适当增加次数。
如果现场急救者只有1人，可先做胸外心脏按压15次，再做口对口吹气2-3次(不超过5秒钟)，两者交替进行。如现场有两人急救，则一人做胸外心脏按压5次，另一人再做口对口人工呼吸1次。
做口对口人工呼吸和胸外按压，必须及时、连续、持久，在医生来到之前或急送医院途中，都不能中断。
艾滋病不治会早死，早治才康复 艾滋病不治会早死，早治才康复 艾滋病不治会早死，早治才康复 艾滋病不治会早死，早治才康复
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| 图示∶2010年12月即将出版的《中国特色医疗金鉴》登载的刘君主任及其机构 |
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Hepatitis B vaccine in the prevention of AIDS
Zhejiang Online Health Network health.zjol.com.cn 2011 年 05 月 11 日 Source: Hangzhou Network - Metro Express of: springs reporter Wang Zhen Yu Feng Shi correspondent Editor: Xu Suqin
June to November this year, the city of Hangzhou will usher in the re-evaluation of national health. A national health city of Hangzhou, where the public health knowledge is very important to have a measure. CDC deputy director of Hangzhou, Cao, MD, director of health education for us to continue the construction of interpretation of comments "health literacy of citizens 66."
Health literacy of citizens Article 16: Stick to regular treatment, most TB patients can be cured.
Expert interpretation: the resurgence of tuberculosis, and protraction, and not treated in time, treatment is not standardized and so on. In fact, tuberculosis is not terrible, if we continue regular treatment, most patients are curable. Countries have introduced free checking and free anti-TB drug therapy, the patient can go to the location designated for TB diagnosis and treatment institutions for treatment. Under the direct supervision of DOTS DOTS is recognized around the world today the most effective method of TB treatment, the patient should be in accordance with the doctor's requirements, adhere to the full, on time, according to the amount of medication, so that treatment into drug-resistant TB is difficult.
Health literacy of citizens Article 17: AIDS, hepatitis B and hepatitis C through sexual contact, blood and mother to child transmission in three ways, daily life and work contact will not spread.
Expert Interpretation: HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C a serious threat to human health, but does not require too much fear, their spread is regular, the main route of transmission include: blood transmission, sexual contact and mother to child transmission. In daily work, study and life in general contact with the patient will not be infected, generally not by light kiss, shaking hands, hugging, sharing meals, sharing of office supplies, shared toilets, swimming pool, shared telephone, sneezing, and mosquito bites, etc. manner in which infection, or even care for patients with HIV infection or have no relationship, the patient should not be discriminated against in life. Healthy injection of hepatitis B vaccine can have a preventive effect.
Health literacy of citizens Article 18: mosquitoes, flies, mice, cockroaches spread disease.
Experts read: "four pests" not only people's lives and the rest of harassment, but also spread diseases. Such as mosquitoes transmit malaria, encephalitis, dengue fever and other diseases; flies can spread cholera, dysentery, typhoid and other diseases; rats could spread plague, epidemic hemorrhagic fever, leptospirosis and other diseases; cockroaches can spread dysentery, typhoid, etc. a variety of diseases.
Control the four victims, to improve sanitation, eradication and control of the four victims sin habitat, and kill the four victims directly. Pay attention to the custody and use of drugs to use, safe and efficient use of the drug, to prevent livestock poisoning.
Health literacy of citizens Article 19: abnormal mass, chamber intestinal bleeding, weight loss is an important early warning signals of cancer.
Expert interpretation: the dangers of cancer but also in its concealment, no obvious early symptoms can easily be ignored, and progress rapidly, often already advanced when found. Therefore, some of the early danger signs of cancer is critical, if early detection, early treatment, the treatment effect will be greatly enhanced.
These danger signals include: breast, skin, tongue or other body parts can be touched or goes without a mass; warts (neoplasm) or mole change (such as color deepened, the rapid increase, itching, hair removal, exudate, ulceration , bleeding); continuing dyspepsia; swallowing food has a sense of choking, pain, chest discomfort Fullness, esophageal foreign body sensation, or upper abdominal pain; tinnitus, hearing loss, nasal obstruction, epistaxis, nasal secretion aspiration cough blood, headache, neck mass; menstrual bleeding, menstrual period or outside the vagina after menopause irregular bleeding, contact bleeding; persistent hoarseness, dry cough, bloody sputum; stool and mucus of unexplained diarrhea or constipation alternately, unexplained hematuria; Persistent ulcers; unexplained weight loss.
Health literacy of citizens Article 20: encountered breathing, cardiac arrest the sick and wounded, by artificial respiration and closed chest cardiac massage treatment.
Expert interpretation: breathing, cardiac arrest is the most serious of life, the most immediate threat, the scene cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is the first time, first-aid skills to save the wounded and sick of life to strive for further treatment to the hospital to gain time. Blowing through the mouth to mouth resuscitation and external cardiac massage to patients (injury) to provide a minimum of cerebral blood supply for breathing and heartbeat suddenly stopped, loss of consciousness, the patient first aid, such as sudden cardiac death and other critical illness and electric shock , drowning, poisoning, trauma and other accidents caused by the heart, respiratory arrest and so on.
External cardiac massage may do so: the victims lying flat on a hard board or on the ground, first-aid victims were standing on the right, left heel of your hand on the bottom of the sternum (chest bone is the center piece of the sternum), the right hand pressed left hand on the back of the hand (children can squeeze a hand), elbow extension, using its own weight, press down the appropriate force, sinking the sternum 3-4 cm, and then hands immediately relax and let their own pop-up chest. 60-80 times per minute adult, children do 100 times per minute.
Mouth resuscitation may do so: the victims of the supine, first aid of victims who single-handedly hold up the jaw, try to head back, and broke his mouth and pull tongue. The other hand forcefully pinch the nostrils, rescuers took a deep breath, forced its mouth blowing. After blowing air, and immediately relaxed nose. This repeated, blowing 14-16 times per minute, number of children may be increased.
If the on-site first aid by only 1 person can do first external cardiac massage 15 times, do mouth to mouth blowing 2-3 times (no more than 5 seconds), alternating between the two. If there are two first-aid field, the one to do chest cardiac massage 5 times, do another mouth resuscitation 1.
Do mouth to mouth resuscitation and chest compressions, the importance of timely, continuous, persistent, the doctor rushed to the hospital before or on the way, can not be interrupted.
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