打造软实力


打造软实力
20 世纪 90 年代初,哈佛大学教授约瑟夫·奈首创“软实力”( Soft Power )概念,从此启动了“软实力”研究与应用的潮流。按照他的观点,软实力是一种能力,它能通过吸引力而非威逼或利诱达到目的,是一国综合实力中除传统的、基于军事和经济实力的硬实力之外的另一组成部分。约瑟夫·奈以此说明,美国的大国力量和领导力量,不仅在于其以军事打击力量为核心的硬实力,而且在于其以文化和价值理念为核心的软实力,Soft power is the ability to obtain what one wants through co-option and attraction. It can be contrasted with 'hard power', that is the use of coercion and payment. Soft power can be wielded not just by states, but by all actors in international politics, such as NGOs or international institutions. 后者甚至更重要。
如果要追根溯源,“软实力”的真正的思想源头,公认来自中国的先哲老子老子说,天下最柔弱的水能够克天下最坚硬的。上善若水,水就是一种道德的力量。道德其实就是文化软实力的一部分。The idea of attraction as a form of power dates back to ancient Chinese philosophers such as Laozi in the 7th century BC.[2] "Water is fluid, soft, and yielding. But water will wear away rock, which is rigid and cannot yield. As a rule, whatever is fluid, soft, and yielding will overcome whatever is rigid and hard. This is another paradox: what is soft is strong." Lao Tzu
如果组织在增加硬件投资的同时,也增加人员创意和管理秩序方面投资,搞规范运作,而且不断增加软投入,建立软优势,形成软实力,经济就能更加有效地运转。因为这样的经济组织是能够适应变化的组织,在经济全球化和知识经济时代,组织的自我适应能力是最关键的能力。这种能力其实就是软实力。有钱的企业不一定有软实力,没有软实力的企业一定难以持久。