可怕的不是艾滋病而是歧视


可怕的不是艾滋病而是歧视
    2011-06-22 07:50:00 来源: 法治周末(北京) 
    1981年6月,美国疾病控制中心首次向全世界通报了5个十分罕见的危及生命的病例,并把此症命名为获得性免疫缺陷综合症,也就是如今人们所说的艾滋病。此后的30年中,艾滋病始终处于法律、道德、伦理和医学争论的核心位置。时至今日,出现了世界首例艾滋病患者被治愈的病例,虽然有专家称这例治愈的病例不具有普遍性,但除了给予艾滋病病人更多的关爱,我们还应该对艾滋病的医疗前景心存乐观。
    近年来,以艾滋病为题材的影视作品也不断涌现,如顾长卫导演的纪录片《在一起》和电影《最爱》,都体现了对艾滋病病人的人文关怀。今天,让我们来回顾1993年美国法律类电影《费城故事》,它讲述了一名法律工作者患有艾滋病,并勇敢地拿起法律武器为维护自己权利顽强抗争的故事。这部电影标志着好莱坞不再逃避现实,正式向泛滥美国的艾滋病宣战

范典

    近期上映的电影《最爱》直面艾滋病病人的感情生活,片中男女主人公勇于冲破世俗的歧视,实现心灵与肉体的真正结结合,感动了无数观众。这让我联想起了1993年的美国电影《费城故事》,它讲述的也是艾滋病病人的故事,但可贵的是它引导我们从法律的角度对生命、对爱情、对个人权益进行的思考。

 

生命因抗争而璀璨还是因脆弱而动人


  片中汤姆·汉克斯饰演的律师安德鲁·贝克特因为自己的同性恋行为不幸染上了艾滋病。而他就职的律师事务所在全城可谓数一数二,能进这样的律所实属不易,而且他深得上司赏识。可就在他事业不断上升的时刻,艾滋病的症状在他身上显现,上司丝毫不顾情面,故意设计圈套将他辞退。安德鲁从此走上法庭,不顾自己病弱的躯体,为维护自己作为受害者的正当权益而战。

    安德鲁碰到了难题:这家律所声名在外,很多律师唯恐避艾不及,根本不愿接手他这桩棘手的官司,面对必死无疑且死期指日可待的安德鲁,其他律师何必自寻烦恼。

    这一切都通过丹泽尔·华盛顿饰演的乔·米勒的反应展现出来。乔在自己的办公室接见了前来请求他帮自己打官司的安德鲁,后者很坦然地告诉他一切,可是乔的笑容凝固了,他退后几步,并惊恐地看着对方触碰过的办公桌上的东西、看自己刚与对方握过的手,他甚至跑到医生那儿询问这一切会否被传染。

    乔显然是那种明哲保身的人,妻子刚为他生了个女儿,百般疼爱女儿的他无比小心地防备着外来病菌的侵入。可以发现,生命的个体尚在群体中发光发热时,谁都觉得你是一把手、领导的得力助手,可是一旦你触犯了戒条,沦为伤风败俗的典型,一刹那所有的荣誉和赞赏都会离你远去,那时你便孤身一人。

    电影试图借助弱小力量来抗议权威,一颗行将消亡的生命之火忽然间爆发出巨大的能量,安德鲁的官司最终打赢了,而他却因病与世长辞。在家庭吊唁会上,他童年时候留下的影像资料在电视屏幕上滚动播放着:生命到底是因抗争而璀璨,还是因脆弱而动人?

 

社会性的死亡超过了身体上的病痛


  安德鲁所受的歧视不仅因为他是艾滋病病毒感染者这么简单。众所周知,艾滋病传播的途径有3种:母婴、性交及血液传播,其中男同性恋者是艾滋病的高发人群,自从1981年6月美国确认第一例艾滋病以来,时至今日已有2500万人死于此病,另有3400万人感染。电影中律所的老板之所以厌憎安德鲁,最大的原因是他是个同性恋,因为公司里同样得了艾滋病的一位女同事并未被辞退,她是通过输血传染的。这种区别对待让安德鲁无法接受。

    在安德鲁和乔的对话中我们可以了解到美国联邦法律中明文禁止歧视伤残人士,且艾滋病也属伤残范围并受法律保护。“不仅仅因为病者身体上的限制,还因为受到社会人士的歧视,更精确地说,这种社会性的死亡……这种死亡超过了身体上的病痛。”

    而在中国,2006年3月1日起实施的《艾滋病防治条例》和2008年1月1日起施行的《中华人民共和国就业促进法》均对艾滋病病毒感染者享有平等就业等权利作了明确的规定。尤其是就业促进法第30条规定“用人单位招用人员,不得以是传染病病原携带者为由拒绝录用”。更是对用人单位因传染病原因对应聘者进行就业歧视的行为加以禁止。

    在这些明文规定之下,虽然就业等权益受到侵犯时,艾滋病患者可以用法律来与之抗衡,但是无形中所受的歧视却无处不在,尤其是在愚昧落后的偏僻农村,就像顾长卫在《最爱》里展现的那一群人,在“热病”包围中,最可怕的不是疾病本身,而是无休止的冷眼和嘲笑,在那种情形下,最可靠的还是最爱之人的体温。

    这一点在《费城故事》中亦有点染。导演试图将同性恋者作为普通人群来对待,而这种态度的呈现则通过乔的眼睛,乔一开始非常痛恨这一人群,可后来他参加了安德鲁组织的化妆晚会,他看到了这一群人相亲相爱、和睦相处的一幕,尤其是在安德鲁生命的最后,他的那位同性爱人还对他不离不弃、始终陪伴左右,这一挚爱场景深深地感染了乔。

 

一个有爱的国度是会让所有人生而平等的


  这部电影之所以在费城拍摄,亦有它不平凡的意义所在。费城是美国的历史名城,在美国独立战争时期具有重要地位,1774年至1775年两次大陆会议的召开,通过了《独立宣言》,它标示着北美洲13个英属殖民地宣告脱离大不列颠王国而独立。杰斐逊曾写道:《独立宣言》是吁请世界的裁判。自1776年以来,《独立宣言》中的原则就一直为全世界人民传诵。美国的改革家们,不论是为了废除奴隶制、禁止种族隔离,还是提高妇女权利,都要向公众提到人人生而平等。

    在这样一个遍地喊着人人生而平等口号的城市,发生不平等的事件,是可耻而不能被人原谅的。这种正义性的存在,使得影片无形中具有了一股力量,像片中一闪而过的华盛顿的青铜雕像,它除了象征该城市有着悠久独特的历史外,还标示着为维护公民的平等权益而保驾护航。

    导演没有一味地去煽情,而是从人性化的视角来展现生命与权益之间的矛盾,他甚至搬弄了一些艺术手段来剖析人物的内心世界,比如安德鲁和乔在舞会后的交谈。安德鲁用饱含深情的语气,向乔诠释正在播放的歌剧片段。那是著名女高音玛丽亚·卡拉斯演唱的《安德里亚·塞尼亚》,其中高潮部分是最感人肺腑的一段:当卡拉斯饰演的女主角面对母亲惨死眼前的惨状时发出的哀婉之声:活下去,我就是生命。天堂就在你的眼中。在你周围全部都是血和泥吗?我是圣洁的,我是救赎,我是上帝……从天而降,要让大地变成天堂。我就是爱!我就是爱!

    此时影片导演用俯视近景和暗红色灯影的虚化来凸显人物的精神状态。安德鲁的生命已然危在旦夕,或许我们可以用另一种角度去猜想,如果他没有得艾滋病,而是继续一帆风顺地在律师事务所担当重任,打赢一桩桩官司、获得一次次赞赏,他会不会停下脚步审视自己的生命?他会不会被这段歌剧激发得热泪盈眶?也许并不会。然而当他成为了弱者,当他认识到生命的短暂,或许就会抛开一切,深切地体悟到所有活着的美好。


    要从根本上消除对艾滋病病人的偏见和歧视,得从医学和文化上改变人们的观点,法律保障了这些边缘人群的权益,却无法改变他们受歧视的命运。当我们一次次看到艾滋病病毒感染者勇敢地现身说法,出现在大学讲堂和社会公益性质的论坛时,为他们的胆识称好的同时,我们还需要在潜意识中培养自己对弱者的同情心。

    随着科技的发展和法律的日益健全,这些疑难病症终有一天会迎刃而解,就像今天,离美国发现第一例艾滋病病例已过去30年,药物治疗拯救了500万艾滋病病人的生命。2011年5月12日,一个国际研究合作组织艾滋病病毒预防试验网络还试验成功了一种药物,能阻止艾滋病病毒在人体内的自我复制。

    时代在挥舞着进步的旗帜,希望总是变得越来越清晰,相信一个有爱的国度是会让所有人生而平等的,这也是《费城故事》告诉我们的真理所在。(本文来源:法治周末) 
 
 








艾滋病不治会早死,早治才康复 艾滋病不治会早死,早治才康复 艾滋病不治会早死,早治才康复 艾滋病不治会早死,早治才康复

 
图示∶2011年5月正式出版的《中国特色医疗金鉴》登载的刘君主任及其机构事迹 
 
 

慢性艾滋病早期中医药治疗保障生命论证

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Discrimination against AIDS but not terrible
2011-06-22 07:50:00 Source: the rule of law over the weekend (Beijing) 0 people read the news in phone forwarded to the micro-Bo (0)
June 1981, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control for the first time the world informed of five rare cases of life-threatening, and the disease named for the acquired immune deficiency syndrome, that is, they say, AIDS is now. After 30 years, AIDS has always been in the legal, moral, ethical and medical debate of the heart. Today, the emergence of the world's first AIDS cases were cured, although some experts say that patients were cured of cases is not universal, but in addition to giving more care of AIDS patients, we should also feel the prospects for AIDS care optimistic.

In recent years, AIDS is the theme of film and television work have emerged, such as Gu Wei director of the documentary "together" and the movie "Favorites", embody the humane care of AIDS patients. Today, let us recall the 1993 U.S. law class the movie "Philadelphia Story", it tells a legal worker with AIDS, and the courage to pick up the legal weapons to safeguard their rights tenacious struggle of the story. The film marks the Hollywood no longer escape, the official declaration of war to the spread of AIDS in the United States

Fan Code

Recently the movie "favorite" face of AIDS patients love life, the courage to break through the secular film hero and heroine of discrimination, the mind and body to achieve real results with, touched countless audiences. It made me think of the 1993 American film "Philadelphia Story", it also tells the story of AIDS patients, but valuable is that it lead us from the legal point of view on life, love, personal interests in thinking.



Life is struggle and bright or moving due to fragile and


Film Tom Hanks plays Andrew Beckett, a lawyer because of his homosexual behavior, unfortunately infected with AIDS. And his law firm office in the city can be described as one of the best, to enter such a law firm was not easy, and he won the boss appreciated. May cause the rising of his time, the symptoms of AIDS appear in his possession, without regard for the sensibilities boss, deliberately designed to trap him dismissed. Andrew was put on the court, regardless of his sick body, in order to protect their legitimate rights as a victim fighting.

Andrew ran into problems: the outstanding reputation of this law, many lawyers fear to avoid AIDS is less than, simply unwilling to take over his awful difficult case, the face of certain death, and death is just around the corner of Andrew, other lawyers why bother.

All of this played by Denzel Washington's response Qiao Mile unfolded. Joe met in his office came to ask him to help his lawsuit, Andrew, who frankly told him everything, but Joe's smile froze, he stepped back and watched in horror ever touch each other things on the desk, just to see their grip over the hand with each other, he even went to the doctor's asking all of this would be infected.

Joe is obviously the kind of self-preservation, his wife just gave birth to his daughter, in every possible way, he loved his daughter very careful to guard against the intrusion of foreign bacteria. Can be found, the life of the individual groups still shine when no one think you are number one, leading the right-hand man, but once you violate the doctrine, reduced to the typical immoral, the moment all the honor and appreciation will be away from you , then you will be alone.

With the film trying to protest against the authority of the weak force, a fire of life about to die a sudden burst of enormous energy, Andrew finally won the lawsuit, but he passed away. Condolence meeting in the family, his childhood, when image data left scroll on the TV screen playing: Life in the end because of protests and bright, still and moving due to weak?



Social death more than physical pain


Andrew suffered discrimination not only because he is infected with HIV that simple. As we all know, AIDS, there are three kinds of transmission: mother to child, sexual intercourse and blood-borne, male homosexuals are a high risk of AIDS, the United States since June 1981 has confirmed the first cases of AIDS, 25 million people have died today disease, and another 34 million infected. Law of the owner of the movie the reason why Yanzeng Andrew, the biggest reason is that he is a homosexual, because the company also had AIDS, a female colleague has not been dismissed, she was infected through blood transfusion. This distinction allows Andrew unacceptable.

Andrew and Joe in the dialogue, we can understand the United States federal law expressly prohibits discrimination against the disabled, and the scope of AIDS also is disabled and protected by law. "Not only because of physical limitations of patients, but also because of discrimination by the community, more precisely, this social nature of death ... ... this death more than physical pain."

In China, March 1, 2006 implementation of the "AIDS Prevention Act" and the January 1, 2008 shall come into force "of the PRC Employment Promotion Law," all of the HIV-infected persons have equal employment rights was clearly requirements. Especially the Employment Promotion Law Article 30 stipulates that "Employers seeking to hire workers, infectious pathogen carrier shall not refuse Yishi hire." It is the employing unit due to infectious diseases because of the candidates for employment discrimination to be prohibited.

Expressly provided under these, although employment rights have been violated, AIDS patients can use the law to contend with, but virtually the discrimination is everywhere, especially in remote rural areas in the ignorant and backward, as in Gu Wei "Favorites" in the show that a group of people, in the "fever" surrounded by the most terrible than the disease itself, but the endless cold and ridicule, in that case, the most reliable or favorite person body temperature.

This is in "Philadelphia Story" is also dyed. Director trying to treat homosexuals as normal people, and this attitude showed through Joe's eyes, Joe is hated the beginning of this crowd, but then he took part in the organization's make-up party, Andrew, he saw this group of people blind love and harmony of the scene, especially in the life of Andrew last, his gay lover who also never betray him, and always accompanied by about the love scene deeply infected with Joe.



A love of country is to bring all men are created equal


The reason why the film shooting in Philadelphia, it is also an extraordinary significance. The historic city of Philadelphia is the United States, the United States has an important role during the War of Independence, 1774-1775 Continental Congress was held twice, passed the "Declaration of Independence", which marked the 13 British colonies in North America declared independence from Great Britain and . Jefferson wrote: "Declaration of Independence" is called the world's referee. Since 1776, the "Declaration of Independence" in principle has been widely read for the people around the world. American reformers, whether for the abolition of slavery, prohibition of apartheid, and to enhance women's rights, should be referred to the public, human beings are born equal.

In such a land of slogan shouting men are created equal cities, inequality incident occurred, who is shameful not be forgiven. The existence of such justice, making the film virtually has a force, like the film flash of bronze statue of Washington, in addition to its unique symbol of the city has a long history, but also marked for the maintenance of equality of citizens interest escort.

Director did not blindly go to sensational, but from the perspective of human life and to show the contradiction between the interests, and even show off some of his art means to analyze the inner world of characters, such as Andrew and Joe at the party after the conversation. Andrew with a soulful voice, to interpret Joe Opera is playing clips. It is a famous soprano Maria Callas singing "Andrea Serbs Virginia", which climax is the most touching passage: when Callas played the female lead in front of the face of the tragic story of the tragic death of his mother's pathetic when the issue Voice: live, I am life. Heaven in your eyes. In your blood and mud all around it? I am holy, I salvation, my God ... ... from the sky, let the earth into a paradise. I just love! I just love!

At this point the film director with a close-range and overlooking the red lights in the dark blur to highlight the character's mental state. Andrew's life is already at stake, perhaps we can guess with a different point of view, if he did not have AIDS, but smooth sailing in the law firm continues to take a leading role, one after another to win a lawsuit, get a second appreciation, he will not will stop and examine their own lives? He will be excited to tears this opera? Maybe not. However, when he became weak, when he realized that life is short, probably will forsake all, deeply realized that all living the good.


To fundamentally eliminate prejudice and discrimination against AIDS patients, was from the medical and cultural change people's point of view, the law protects the rights of these marginalized groups, discrimination can not change their fate. When we see again and again the courage to HIV own experiences in college lecture hall and public nature of the forum community for their courage that good, we also need to develop their own subconscious sympathy for the weak.

With the development of technology and the law increasingly sound, these difficult cases will be solved one day, like today, from the United States found the first AIDS cases have been in the past 30 years, drug therapy to save 5 million lives of AIDS patients. May 12, 2011, an international cooperation organization of HIV Prevention Trials Network has successfully tested a drug that can prevent HIV in the body's self-replication.

The times are waving the banner of progress, hope is always becoming more and more clear, I believe that a love of country is to bring all men are equal, which is "The Philadelphia Story" tells us the truth lies.

(This article Source: the rule of law over the weekend)
 
 
 
 
 

[ 作者:佚名    转贴自:本站原创    点击数:200    更新时间:2011-6-22    文章录入:nnb ]