动词不定式的实践应用

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　　动词不定式,是非谓语动词的一种,也是英语考试中最常见的语法点之一。它有名词、形容词或副词的特征,在句中作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语等。笔者将从动词不定式的时态、语态及句法功能等几个方面对动词不定式这一语法现象进行阐释,以帮助英语学习者。

　　动词不定式的时态有一般式、完成式、进行式,语态有主动和被动形式。下表表明了动词不定式的时态及语态形式。(以动词do为例)

　　注意:① 动词不定式的一般式表示动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后。如:

　　David threatened to report his neighbor to the police if the damages were not paid. 大卫威胁说如果邻居不赔偿损失,他就报警。(to report动作在threatened之后)

　　② 动词不定式的进行式表示动作与主句谓语动词的动作同时发生。如:

　　They seemed to be eating something they had cooked on the fire. 他们似乎在吃着他们在火上煮的食物。

　　③ 动词不定式的完成式表示动作发生在主句谓语动词的动作之前。如:

　　The book is said to have been translated into many other languages. 这本书据说被译成了多种其他语言。

　　④ 动词不定式的被动语态表示动作与其逻辑主语形成被动关系。如:

　　Lou Lan is believed by many people to have been gradually covered over by sandstorms from AD 200 to AD 500. 许多人相信楼兰古城在公元200年至500年间渐渐被沙尘暴埋没。

　　不定式可以用for引出逻辑主语。带有逻辑主语的不定式被称为不定式的复合结构,在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。如:

　　We think it impossible for such heavy work to be finished in such a short time. 我们认为这样重的活在这么短的时间内干完是不可能的。(作宾语,it为形式宾语)

　　不定式的否定式是在不定式之前加上否定词not构成。如:

　　The teacher has told his students not to come late again. 老师叫学生不要再迟到了。

　　有时也可将否定词never加在不定式之前。如:

　　You must promise never to smoke. 你必须保证永远不抽烟。

　　1. 作主语

　　动词不定式能直接置于句首作主语。如:

　　To master a foreign language requires a great deal of memory work. 掌握外语需要大量的记忆。

　　但现代英语倾向于使用形式主语it,而把作主语的动词不定式结构后移。如:

　　It is important to know about the development of modern science and technology. 了解现代科技的发展很重要。

　　2. 作宾语

　　不定式可以跟在某些动词后作宾语。下列动词常接不定式作宾语:afford, decide, determine, agree, aim, manage, offer, pretend, promise, plan, refuse, wish, hope, expect, want, fail等。如:

　　I’ve decided to do my best to prepare for the coming exam. 我已决定尽自己最大的努力准备即将举行的考试。

　　不定式一般不作介词宾语,除介词except, but。如:

　　When the enemy surrounded the house, he had no choice but to swallow the letter. 当敌人包围房子的时候,他只好把信吞了。

　　作介词宾语的动词不定式结构有时带to, 有时不带to,取决于前面是否有实义动词do,有do无to。如:

　　They could say nothing but to keep silent. 他们什么都不能说,只有保持沉默。

　　What could I do then except watch her taken away? 除了看着她被人带走,我还能做什么呢?

　　注意:① “seem/appear/chance/happen+不定式”结构一般被认为是复合谓语。如:

　　She happened to be out when he called. 他打电话时,她碰巧不在家。

　　② “remain+不定式被动式”结构,一般也被认为是复合谓语,作“尚待、有待”解。如:

　　Whether the medicine will work on him remains to be seen. 这药对他是否有效果有待观察。

　　3. 作表语

　　不定式作表语,有两种情况:

　　第一种情况,主语和表语都是动词不定式,往往一个是条件,一个是结果。如:

　　To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. 对敌人仁慈就是对人民残酷。

　　第二种情况,主语是aim, duty, hope, intention, idea, wish, plan等名词,其后作表语的动词不定式说明其内容。如:

　　His greatest wish is to become a pilot when he grows up. 他最大的愿望是长大了当飞行员。

　　4. 作宾语补足语

　　有的动词在宾语之后还需带不定式作宾语补足语。

　　① 可接带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:advise, permit, persuade, require, beg, invite, cause, allow, forbid, teach, encourage, expect, force, get, remind, tell, urge, warn, want等。如:

　　The class teacher encouraged us to work even harder for the coming exam. 班主任鼓励我们为即将举行的考试更加努力地学习。

　　② 可接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:make, have, let, see, watch, notice, hear, observe, feel等。如:

　　Did you feel the house shake when the earthquake happened? 地震发生时感到房子动了吗?

　　注意:see, hear, make等动词变为被动语态时,不带to的不定式须转化为带to的不定式。如:

　　He was made to work for the boss from dawn until dark. 他被迫为老板从早到晚干活。

　　

　　5. 主语补足语

　　不定式作主语补足语常用在“be said/reported/

　　believed/considered/known+不定式结构”中。如:

　　He is said to have studied abroad, but we are not sure what country he studied in. 据说他在国外学习过,但我们不确定他在哪个国家学习过。

　　6. 作定语

　　不定式作定语置于被修饰的名词后,被修饰的名词与动词不定式之间构成以下关系:

　　① 被修饰的名词与不定式构成主谓关系。如:

　　He is always the first to come and the last to leave. 他总是第一个来,最后一个走。

　　② 不定式与被修饰的名词构成动宾关系。如:

　　I’m very busy. I always have a lot of work to do every day. 我很忙,每天总是有很多工作要做。

　　注意:如果动词不定式中的动词是不及物动词或该不定式本身带有宾语,则该不定式作定语时,其后须加上必要的介词。如:

　　Would you like to go swimming? The lake is a good place to swim in. 你想要去游泳吗?这个湖是游泳的好地方。

　　③ 其他关系

　　在time, need, way, chance, effort, right, hope, wish等名词后,常接不定式作定语。如:

　　I hope that I will be given a chance to work in China. 我希望能有机会到中国工作。

　　The teacher has a strange way to make his lessons lively and interesting. 这个老师有着奇怪的方法使得他的课生动有趣。

　　7. 作状语

　　动词不定式作状语,可表示目的、结果、原因等。如:

　　Since last year, many students have begun to learn about H1N1 prevention to stay far away from H1N1. 为了远离甲流,自去年以来许多学生开始了解有关预防甲流的知识。

　　注意:① 不定式作目的状语时,为了强调起见,通常在不定式结构前加上in order或so as。如:

　　All these gifts must be mailed immediately so as to be received in time for Christmas. 所有礼物必须立刻寄出,以便在圣诞节前收到。

　　② 动词不定式作结果程度状语,可用于“so+形容词/副词+as to do sth”、“形容词/副词+enough to do sth”、“too+形容词/副词+to do sth”等句型结构中。如:

　　He spoke so loudly as to be heard by all. 他讲话声音很大,结果被所有人听见了。

　　He isn’t old enough to join the army. 他还没有到参军的年龄。

　　有时,动词不定式表示“未曾料到的不愉快的结果”。作该用法时,不定式结构前常用only。如:

　　He arrived at the airport only to be told that the plane had already taken off. 他到达机场结果被告知飞机已经起飞了。

　　不定式作状语时还可表示说话者的态度、语气等,往往被称作“独立成分”。如:

　　To tell you the truth, we do hope that the people all over the world will live in peace forever. 实话告诉你吧,我们确实希望全世界人民永远和平。

　　用于这种结构的还有:to be honest(诚实地说), to begin/start with(首先), to speak frankly(坦诚地讲), to put it briefly(简言之)。

　　“wh-word+不定式”结构是一种特殊的动词不定式短语,它在句中可起名词的作用,作主语、宾语、表语等。如:

　　How to stop the air from being polluted is a big problem. 怎样阻止大气被污染是个大问题。(作主语)

　　As students, we know what to do and what not to do. 作为学生,我们知道该做什么,不该做什么。(作宾语)

　　为了避免重复前面已经出现过的动词,可以用不定式符号来代替不定式结构。如:

　　—Shall I give the dog a chocolate? 我给狗一块巧克力吃,好吗?

　　—It’s better not to. 最好不要给。

　　这种结构多用在want to, wish to, tell sb to, hope to, plan to, mean to, have to, need to, ought to, be going to, used to, be able to等之后。如:

　　She likes oily food very much, but her doctor told him not to. 她喜欢油腻食品,但她的医生叫她不要吃。

　　在以下结构中,动词不定式可省略to。

　　1. “why (not)+省略to的不定式”,用以提出建议或委婉的批评。如:

　　Why not speak to the manager about it? 为什么不跟经理谈谈这事呢?(意为“跟经理谈谈吧”)

　　2. had better(最好), would rather(宁愿), rather than(而不), may/might as well(不妨)之后接不带to的动词不定式。如:

　　Rather than travel by air, I’d prefer a week on a ship. 我宁愿乘船一星期也不愿乘飞机旅行。

　　Since nobody else wants the job, we might as well let him have it. 既然没有别的人想要这份工作,我们不妨让他去做吧。

　　3. 不带to的不定式在but, except等介词后作宾语(见上文动词不定式的句法功能2)。

　　4. 不带to的不定式作宾语补足语(见上文动词不定式的句法功能4)。

　　1. It was impossible what I meant; she just wouldn’t like to listen to me.

　　A. explaining B. to explain

　　C. to be explained D. to be explaining

　　2. He told us whether a picnic was still under discussion.

　　A. to have B. having

　　C. have D. had

　　3. All of them try to use the power of the workstation information in a more effective way.

　　A. presenting B. presented

　　C. being presented D. to present

　　4. Police are now searching for a woman who is reported to since the flood hit the area last Friday.

　　A. have been missing B. have got lost

　　C. be missing D. get lost

　　5. He hurried to the booking office only that all the tickets had been sold out.

　　A. to tell B. to be told

　　C. telling D. told

　　6. We are invited to a party inour club next Friday.

　　A. to be held B. held

　　C. being held D. holding

　　7. The flu is believed by viruses that like to reproduce(繁殖) in the cell inside the human nose and throat.

　　A. causing B. beng caused

　　C. to be caused D. to have caused

　　8. Jack had nothing to do in the waiting room but some newspapers.

　　A. reading B. to read

　　C. read D. to have read