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艾滋病病毒来源有新解张田勘
http://www.gmw.cn 2011-08-16 14:08:35 来源：大众科技报
1999年9月，《河源：追溯艾滋病病毒和艾滋病起源》一书，把原本就不平静的医学界搅得沸反盈天，热闹非凡。书中论及的是如今威胁人们生命与健康的头号瘟疫——艾滋病(AIDS)的起源与传播问题。
这本书的作者是一名叫做爱德华特·胡珀的记者，全书通篇是一份纪实报告。
作者根据一些历史事件提出一种论点，即艾滋病最早暴发流行，是人们使用受艾滋病病毒(HIV)污染的脊髓灰质炎疫苗所致；今天引起人患艾滋病的艾滋病病毒亚型的一种HIV-1，是中非50年代未使用受污染的脊髓灰质炎疫苗(OPV)使病毒进入人体的。这就是所谓脊髓灰质炎疫苗-艾滋病病毒(OPV-HIV)假说。
胡珀的假说将生物医学界卷入其中，引发一场学术大争论，其规模之大不亚于20世纪80年代末90年代初，法国与美国关于艾滋病病毒发现权的旷世之争。
现在人们认为，艾滋病病毒亚型HIV-1来自非洲黑猩猩，而艾滋病病毒亚型HIV-2来自非洲黑白眉猴；但对艾滋病病毒怎样越过种属屏障，即从猴、猩猩到人，有较大争议。胡珀在书中亦未对此作明确解释，但该书提供了一个证据——黑猩猩和黑白眉猴的肾，曾被用来生产脊髓灰质炎疫苗，只是制作疫苗的这一记录已无法找到。胡珀还据此推论说，医学研究人员用黑猩猩或猴的肾细胞作脊髓灰质炎疫苗，这种疫苗被猩猩或猴体内艾滋病病毒污染，而这种疫苗在50年代末消灭脊髓灰质炎的“战役”中曾广泛使用，从而导致艾滋病病毒广为传播。当时，世界卫生组织力求尽早消灭发展中国家的传染病，以非洲为主战场，脊髓灰质炎是首选目标。
美国霍华得·休斯医学研究所科学家比阿特丽斯·哈恩则认为，有相当多的证据证明，艾滋病出现得更早，因而不会是脊髓灰质炎疫苗引发的大规模传播。艾滋病是在打猎、屠宰和食用未煮熟的肉食时，由受感染的动物血液感染人的皮肤和粘膜患病的；而污染针头是导致艾滋病病毒在人群中迅速传播的原因。
哈恩认为，胡珀只提出一个假说，但不能证明黑猩猩或黑白眉猴的肾，曾被用来制作疫苗。此外，事实上在野猴身上还存在几十种病毒类似艾滋病病毒，如果艾滋病病毒从黑猩猩自然转移至猴子，没有理由说这种转移不会再次发生。
美国威斯塔研究所曾从事脊髓灰质炎疫苗研制的希拉里·科普罗斯基，对脊髓灰质炎疫苗-艾滋病病毒假说甚为不满而且持激烈的否定态度。他说，如果按照胡珀的观点，脊髓灰质炎疫苗引起艾滋病传播，那未免太具讽剌意味！因为当时世界卫生组织拟在全球消灭脊髓灰质炎，正对疫苗研制作最后冲刺。如果相信胡珀之说，那他和其他研制疫苗的研究人员岂不成了魔鬼？胡珀的观点建立在他的偏见之上，并不是事实；胡珀必须用事实和证据说话。
巴克打开神秘冰箱
为了解析胡珀假说的真伪，科学家趋向用实验证实；而要确认曾用动物的肾生产疫苗，就只有靠巴克的冰箱解决问题。
自1992年以来，世界上剩余的一种脊髓灰质炎口服疫苗被用于非洲数百万儿童接种，以预防脊髓灰质炎(小儿麻痹症)。这些疫苗贮藏在一个冰箱里，这个冰箱被保存在美国费城威斯塔研究所的另一个大冰箱内，只有该所所长克雷顿·巴克有这些冰箱的钥匙。正是这些脊髓灰质炎疫苗，被怀疑引起艾滋病大传播，因为这些疫苗正是在20世纪50年代生产的。
根据实验要求，巴克必须打开冰箱，将脊髓灰质炎疫苗样品分送到3个独立的实验室检测，以证明这些疫苗是否含有艾滋病病毒或艾滋病病毒前体。
巴克表示，为了避免媒体带来的压力，这3间实验室目前暂时都保密，以保证研究的双盲性。亦即是说，各个实验室都不知道其他实验室在做什么，这样才能保证研究结果的客观性。
与此同时，世界上顶尖级的一个线粒体DNA分析实验室，正在致力于鉴别用于生产脊髓灰质炎疫苗的灵长目动物。
2000年2月，威斯塔研究所宣布找到了当年生产疫苗的样本。接着，该研究所请英国、法国、德国同行对样本进行分析，结果没有发现任何黑猩猩肾脏细胞以及艾滋病病毒踪迹。在随后进行的第二次分析中，研究人员在样本中发现了短尾猴的肾脏细胞，但是短尾猴并未被艾滋病病毒感染。
2000年9月，德国莱比锡的马克斯·普朗克研究所与世界上首次分离出艾滋病病毒的法国巴斯德研究所，在英国伦敦皇家学会的一次会议上指出，他们通过实验分别得出这样一种结论：“由于20世纪50年代为非洲大约100万人注射脊髓灰质炎疫苗时不慎传播了艾滋病病毒，从而导致了今天非洲艾滋病灾难”一说毫无根据。但是，颇有意思的是，这一结论并未动摇“疫苗假说”的始作俑者——爱德华·胡珀坚持自己说法的信念。
溯源HIV-1与HIV-2
科学界公认引发艾滋病的艾滋病病毒，最初存在于中非西部的黑猩猩身上，只是不知道何时以何种方式传播给人类；对此，普遍的推测是，猎人在非洲追捕大猩猩时，被携带艾滋病病毒的猩猩抓破了皮肤，或者是猎人在宰杀黑猩猩时不小心划破手指被感染。
目前，研究人员握有被艾滋病病毒感染的人类早期标本共有3个：1959年收集的一位生活在刚果民主共和国的成年男性的血浆；1969年收集的在美国圣·路易斯死亡的一位非洲后裔的人体组织标本；还有一个是1976年死亡的一位挪威海员的人体组织标本。
对此，美国著名华裔科学家何大一研究小组曾有一个结论。
1998年，何大一领导的阿伦·戴蒙艾滋病研究中心，对1959年采集的血浆标本进行研究分析。他们认为，在非洲班图部落一名男性体内发现的艾滋病病毒，是目前在全世界传播的艾滋病病毒亚型HIV-1的祖先；而从艾滋病病毒亚型进化程度推断，其感染人类的时间应当是1959年以前不太长的一段时间，大约是40年代或者是50年代初期。
此后，2000年1月，美国洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室的贝特·科伯(Bette Korber)博士，通过收集各种数据建立一个复杂的数学模型，然后由计算机模拟艾滋病病毒进化过程，进而得出结论说，艾滋病病毒亚型是在1910～1930年间进入人体的；地点是西部非洲。科伯认为，他的结论其误差时间为20年。那么，1986年蒙特尼尔等人从西非艾滋病患者体内分离出来的艾滋病病毒亚型HIV-2又是什么年代进入人体的呢？比利时生物学家范达美(Anne-Mieke Vandamme)，从几内亚比绍的一个小镇坎丘果(Canchungo)采集HIV-2感染者样本，并与当地黑白眉猴的猴免疫缺陷病毒(SIV)进行比较分析，得出结论说，HIV-2中的HIV-2A，于1940年前后从黑白眉猴传到人；而HIV-2B，则于1945年前后从黑白眉猴传到人。
2003年5月12日，美国科学院院刊刊发范达美的研究报告，该报告指出，由于历史上战争、奴隶贸易等，使得输血、性交易盛行，从而使HIV-2广泛传播，比如1966年，几内亚比绍就出现了第一例因输血而感染HIV-2的病例；而且，几内亚比绍1963～1974年的独立战争，与HIV-2开始流行有着时间上的一致性。
艾滋病病毒究竟是怎样在灵长类动物身上进化，进而传播到人体的呢？
2003年6月13日，《科学》杂志发表美国研究人员的文章《黑猩猩与猴免疫缺陷病毒(SIV)的混合起源》，认为HIV-1的前身是黑猩猩体内的一种猴免疫缺陷病毒(SIV)，而该病毒可能是不同猴子体内另外两种免疫缺陷病毒重组后的产物。非洲多种猴子体内都携有不同的免疫缺陷病毒。美国、英国和法国科学家在研究中，将猴免疫缺陷病毒与黑猩猩体内的免疫缺陷病毒进行基因组比较，结果发现，作为人类艾滋病病毒前身的猴免疫缺陷病毒，很可能是由红冠白脸猴和大斑鼻猴体内的两种免疫缺陷病毒重组而成。
研究人员推测说，黑猩猩应该是通过捕食红冠白脸猴和大斑鼻猴而分别感染了两种免疫缺陷病毒，这两种病毒很可能在黑猩猩体内发生重组，产生了新的病毒；人类也许在猎食黑猩猩的过程中感染了免疫缺陷病毒，这种病毒最终演化成目前在全球流行的HIV-1。与此同时，研究人员还认为，HIV-2可能直接来源于西非一种猴子身上的免疫缺陷病毒，而没有经过黑猩猩这一环节。
作者介绍：
张田勘：学者、科学作者，有文理（医）教育和工作经历，国外学习一年。
关注领域：科学与社会、文化、经济的关系，科学哲学、科学史、社会医学、生物医学信息。在国内外发表各类文章若干。有大量文章被国内外出版物转载，并获各种奖励。已出版著作12本。曾任职于中国医学科学院生物医学信息研究所，现为《百科知识》杂志副主编，中国大百科全书出版社编审。
艾滋病不治会早死，早治才康复 艾滋病不治会早死，早治才康复 艾滋病不治会早死，早治才康复 艾滋病不治会早死，早治才康复
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| 图示∶2011年5月正式出版的《中国特色医疗金鉴》登载的刘君主任及其机构事迹 |
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Sources of new HIV Zhang Tian survey solution
http://www.gmw.cn 2011-08-16 14:08:35 Source: Popular Science
In September 1999, "Heyuan: trace the origin of HIV and AIDS," a book to calm the medical profession had not preventing the boiling anti-surplus days, crowded. The book discussed is now threatening people's lives and health the number one plague - AIDS (AIDS) the origin and dissemination.
Author of this book is a special named Edward Hooper's correspondent, throughout the book is a documentary report.
According to some historical events the author put forward the argument that the first outbreak of AIDS, people with HIV (HIV) due to contaminated polio vaccine; Today people suffering from AIDS caused by HIV subtype A HIV-1 , is 50 years Africa has not the use of contaminated polio vaccine (OPV) to the virus enter the body. This is called polio vaccine - AIDS virus (OPV-HIV) hypothesis.
Hooper's hypothesis will be involved in the biomedical field which led to a big academic debate, the scale of no less than the late 1980s early 1990s, France and the United States on the rights of HIV found in the enduring struggle.
Now people think that HIV subtype HIV-1 from Africa, chimpanzees, and HIV subtype HIV-2 from Africa, black and white eyebrows monkey; but how HIV crossed the species barrier from monkeys, orangutans to the people, more controversial. Hooper in the book nor to give a clear explanation, but the book provides an evidence - chimpanzees and black and white eyebrow monkey kidney, was used to produce polio vaccine, but production of the vaccine has been unable to find this record . Hooper also correspondingly, that medical researchers use the chimpanzee or monkey kidney cells for the polio vaccine that chimpanzees or monkeys by HIV-contaminated, and this vaccine to eliminate polio in the late 50's " campaign "has been widely in use, resulting in wide spread of HIV. At that time, the World Health Organization as soon as possible and strive to eliminate infectious diseases in developing countries, the main battleground in Africa, polio is the preferred target.
United States Howard Hughes Medical Institute scientists Beatrice Hahn believes that there is considerable evidence that AIDS appeared much earlier, and thus will not be triggered by large-scale spread of polio vaccine. AIDS in the hunting, slaughtering and eating uncooked meat, by the blood of infected animals infected with the human skin and mucous membrane disease; and contaminated needles led to rapid HIV spread in the population causes.
Hahn believes that Hooper made only a hypothesis, but can not prove that chimpanzees or black and white eyebrow monkey kidney, was used to make vaccines. In addition, there is in fact the body in the monkey virus similar to HIV dozens, if the natural transfer of HIV from chimpanzees to monkeys, there is no reason to say that this shift will not happen again.
Wistar Institute of the United States has been engaged in the development of polio vaccine Hillary science Rawski, the polio vaccine - HIV hypothesis very dissatisfied and hold intense negative attitude. He said, according to Hooper's point of view, polio vaccine, causing the spread of AIDS, and that too with ironic! Because at that time the World Health Organization to be the global elimination of polio, the vaccine being developed for the final sprint. If you believe Hooper, says that he and other researchers developed the vaccine would not become a devil? Hooper's point of view built on top of his prejudice, not facts; Hooper must speak with facts and evidence.
Buck opened the mysterious refrigerator
In order to resolve the authenticity of Hooper hypothesis, scientists tend to use experiments confirmed; and make sure the animal has kidney production of vaccines, it is only by Buck refrigerator solve the problem.
Since 1992, the world's remaining polio oral vaccine used in Africa millions of children vaccinated to prevent poliomyelitis (polio). These vaccines stored in a refrigerator, the refrigerator was kept in the United States Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, another large refrigerator and only the director of the Clayton Barker key to these refrigerators. It is these polio vaccine, is suspected of causing AIDS spread, because these vaccines is in the production of the 1950s.
According to the experimental requirements, Buck must open the refrigerator, samples of polio vaccine distributed to three independent laboratory testing to prove whether these vaccines contain HIV or AIDS virus precursors.
Barker said that in order to avoid media pressure, the three laboratories are currently being kept confidential to ensure the double-blind study. In other words, each laboratory did not know what to do in other laboratories, so as to ensure the objectivity of research results.
At the same time, the world's top class a mitochondrial DNA analysis laboratory is working to identify the production of polio vaccine for primates.
In February 2000, Wistar Institute announced that year found the vaccine produced a sample. Then, the institute the British, French, German counterparts on the sample analysis, the results did not find any chimpanzee kidney cells as well as traces of HIV. In the ensuing second analysis, the researchers found in a sample of macaques kidney cells, but not macaques were infected with HIV.
In September 2000, the Max Planck Institute in Leipzig, Germany and the world's first isolated the AIDS virus the French Pasteur Institute, the Royal Society in London, England at a meeting that they were obtained through experiments that the conclusion: "As the 1950s to about 100 million people of Africa Polio vaccine inadvertently spread the AIDS virus, which led to the disaster of AIDS in Africa today," said one unfounded. However, quite interesting is that this conclusion is not shaken, "the vaccine hypothesis" was first - Edward Hooper stick to their statement of faith.
Traceability HIV-1 and HIV-2
Scientifically recognized HIV causes AIDS, was originally found in chimpanzees in western Africa, just do not know when and how to humans; this, the general speculation is that hunters hunt gorillas in Africa when he was carrying HIV apes scratch the skin, or the hunters killed accidentally cut your fingers when chimpanzees were infected.
Currently, researchers hold to be infected with HIV early human specimens a total of three: in 1959 a collection of living in the Democratic Republic of the adult male plasma; collected in the 1969 death of an American of African descent in St. Louis human tissue; there is a death of a 1976 Norwegian Seamen's human tissue specimens.
In this regard, the famous American scientist David Ho, a Chinese research team had a conclusion.
In 1998, Ho led Elundaimeng AIDS Research Center, the plasma samples collected in 1959 for research and analysis. They believe that Bantu tribes in Africa found a male body the AIDS virus, is the worldwide spread of HIV in HIV-1 subtype ancestors; from the evolution of HIV subtypes inferred, its time to be infecting humans before 1959 is not too long period of time, about 40 years or the early 1950s.
Thereafter, in January 2000, the U.S. Los Alamos National Laboratory Bette Korber (Bette Korber), Ph.D., to collect data through a complex mathematical models, and then by computer simulation of HIV evolution, and thus have the conclusion that HIV subtype in 1910 to 1930 to enter the human body; place in West Africa. Korber that he concluded the error for 20 years. Then, in 1986, Monte Neil, who separated from the West African AIDS patients is out of the HIV subtype HIV-2 into the body is what's it? Belgian biologist Van Damme (Anne-Mieke Vandamme), from Guinea-Bissau, a small town Kanqiu fruit (Canchungo) collected samples of HIV-2 infection, and with the local black and white eyebrow monkey simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) to compare analysis, concluded that, HIV-2 in HIV-2A, in 1940 black and white eyebrow from the monkey reached the people; and HIV-2B, while in 1945 before and after the monkey reached people from black and white eyebrow.
May 12, 2003, Van Damme U.S. Academy of Sciences published a research report, the report pointed out that the history of war, slave trade, making the blood transfusion, the prevalence of the sex trade, HIV-2 so widespread, such as 1966, Guinea-Bissau on the emergence of the first cases of HIV-2 infection in blood transfusion cases; Moreover, Guinea-Bissau from 1963 to 1974 war of independence, became popular with the HIV-2 has a time consistency.
What is the AIDS virus in primates evolved, and then spread to the human body do?
June 13, 2003, "Science" magazine published the article, U.S. researchers "chimpanzee and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) of mixed origin", that HIV-1, formerly known as the body of a chimpanzee simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV ), and the virus may be different from the other two monkeys immunodeficiency virus reconstituted product. African monkeys are carrying a variety of different immunodeficiency virus. U.S., UK and French scientists in the study, the chimpanzee simian immunodeficiency virus and immunodeficiency virus in vivo genetic group, found that the human AIDS virus as a precursor of simian immunodeficiency virus, probably from the red crown and white face monkey large body of the two spot nosed monkeys immunodeficiency virus re-formed.
The researchers speculated that chimpanzees should be red-crowned white face predation by large monkeys and spot nosed monkeys which were infected with two immunodeficiency viruses, the two viruses in chimpanzees is likely to occur in vivo re-produce a new virus; humans may In the process of hunting chimpanzees infected with HIV, the virus eventually evolved into the current global epidemic of HIV-1. At the same time, researchers also believe that, HIV-2 may be directly derived from monkeys in West Africa one kind of immunodeficiency virus, without going through this part of chimpanzees.
About the Author:
Zhang Tian Kan: academics, science authors, there are liberal arts (medical) education and work experience, study abroad for one year.
Areas of concern: science and society, cultural and economic relations, philosophy of science, history of science, social medicine, bio-medical information. Several types of articles published at home and abroad. Domestic and international publications have been reproduced numerous articles and received various awards. Has published 12 books. Served in the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, is a "encyclopedic knowledge" magazine deputy editor, Encyclopedia of China Publishing House pipeline.
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