一、晏子论 “和谐”
从本质上来讲，“和谐”思想由来已久，是国富民强时期的基本治国思想。一般认为，和谐思想的渊源可以追溯至先秦时期著名的齐国上大夫——晏子。据《晏子春秋》之《景公谓梁丘据与己和晏子谏第五》记载：齐景公认为只有梁丘据能与己和时，晏子有这样一段陈述： “据亦同也，焉得为和。……异。和如羹焉，水、火、醯、醢、盐、梅，以烹鱼肉，燀之以薪，宰夫和之，齐之以味，济其不及，以泄其过，君子食之，以平其心。君臣亦然。君所谓可，而有否焉，臣献其否，以成其可；君所谓否，而有可焉，臣献其可，以去其否。是以政平而不干，民无争心。故诗曰：‘亦有和羹，既戒且平；奏鬷无言，时靡有争。’先王之济五味，和五声也，以平其心，成其政也。声亦如味：一气，二体，三类，四物，五声，六律，七音，八风，九歌，以相成也；清浊，大小，短长，疾徐，哀乐，刚柔，迟速，高下，出入，周流，以相济也。君子听之，以平其心，心平德和。”
晏子在此形象地阐述了“和谐”就像做羹汤，用水与火两种完全相克的元素，辅之油、盐、酱、醋等各种不同调料来烹煮鱼、肉，再根据具体的烹煮成程序和个人口味的异同，添加调料或者加兑清水，才能做成美味羹汤，喝下去才能平心静气，而如果追求上下一致，就像往清水里兑清水，还能有什么美味呢？同样的，“和谐”如同演奏音乐，需要把把各种高低强弱的不同音符按快慢大小协调起来才能婉转曲折，听起来才能修身养性，而如果追求前后一致，就像永远一个音符，还能有什么旋律呢？
可见，晏子通过分析“和谐”与“一致”的区别，掷地有声地指出了“和谐”的基本原则和要素：和谐是承认客观世界的差异性、独特性、针对性甚至是矛盾性，发挥事物的互补性、灵活性，善于接纳，乐于宽容，易于协调。
二、晏子对企业“和谐管理”的启示
晏子一生辅佐齐庄公、灵公和景公三代君王，他治国的言行和做法自始至终渗透着亲民、节俭、温和、机智、宽容，致力于齐国的政通人和，成为和谐思想的践行者。他的思想，对我国市场经济体制深化、竞争日趋激烈形势下的各类企业来说，有很大的借鉴意义，启示企业不断发挥主体性作用，创建和谐管理体制。
1、和谐的管理者素质。管理者的素质是企业管理有效与否的基础。晏子认为，“德不足以怀人，政不足以惠民；赏不足以劝善，刑不足以防非：亡国之行也。”企业管理者素质如果不和谐，那将是摧毁企业的一股力量。根据晏子的观点，具备“德”怀人、“政”惠民、“赏”劝善、“刑”防非等四项基本素质的管理者才是企业经营的中流砥柱。从现代意义上讲，一个和谐的企业管理者，必须具备以下素质：
（1）良好的品德修养。选择和谐的管理者，是要选择品德修养高的人。事实上，无论企业的性质、行业、规模、战略如何，在选择管理者时都不应当偏离这一点。笔者坚定地反对那些任人唯才、不重品德的管理者选任方法。而事实都一再证明，选择那些经常被员工津津乐道的人，选择重视以人为本的人，才能建立一支团结、凝聚、高效的队伍，产生更高的企业效益。
（2）扎实的工作思路。和谐的管理者更为重要的是一种扎实的工作思路和方法。尤其是大中型企业在经济高速发展的过程中，工作思路扎实的管理者才是保证企业持久生存的导师。拥有扎实的工作思路，就是要对组织的长远目标清晰认识，对企业的战略规划坚决支持，对部门的各项事务科学安排，对下属的具体工作合理指导。
（3）能科学制定、合理运用企业制度。对于和谐素质的管理者而言，重视以人为本，但是必须重视制度管理的基础。企业发展的每个阶段，必须不断根据新的形势、遵循科学规律完善各种制度，也要合理、理性、毫无例外的运用企业的制度表彰优秀，防止混乱，惩罚后进。其中关键的是制度的运用，一定要明确制度是警示、约束然后惩罚，他的作用和效能关键在前两者，而不是后者。
（4）既能与员工同哀同乐，又能“先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐”。管理者的和谐要充分体验员工的成功和忧虑，但是工作的重心却应当是重视工作中的差异性，善于用独特的眼光看待各种经营现象。保持居安思危的紧张情绪，更要对处于低谷中的企业和员工进行激励。
2、和谐的用人之道。晏子说，：“地不同生，而任之以一种，责其俱生不可得；人不同能，而任之以一事，不可责遍成。责焉无已，智者有不能给，求焉无餍，天地有不能赡也。故明王之任人，谄谀不迩乎左右，阿党不治乎本朝；任人之长，不强其短，任人之工，不强其拙。此任人之大略也。”
可以看出，晏子对于人才的选拔和任用思想同样渗透和谐理念。企业用人的基本道理是扬长避短，还应该加强对人才的分析和研究，加强对企业组织结构的研究，仔细分析岗位的职责特征，寻找三者的有效结合，科学选拔人才。可以推行竞岗、试岗、轮岗等有利于发挥员工的特长和优势的任用方法，而对于个人的缺点，企业在用人时注重的“规避而不是无视，制约而不是剔除。”
3、和谐的内部沟通。没有沟通和交流，企业管理没有活力，更没有生产力。
（1）对领导者的要求：“朝居严则下无言，下无言则上无闻矣。下无言则吾谓之喑，上无闻则吾谓之聋。聋喑，非害国家而如何也”。晏子其实在提示企业的领导者必须重视员工的声音，对待来自于广大员工的声音和表现，持中肯公正的态度进行分析。如果没有大家的言论，就没有企业的经营智慧。
（2）对部属的要求：作为丞相，负有帮助君王治理天下的职责，这就需要经常进言上谏。而晏子“谏”的智慧是部属和领导沟通的典范。《晏子春秋》中记载：景公饮酒，七日七夜不止。弦章谏曰：“君欲饮酒七日七夜，章愿君废酒也！不然，章赐死。”晏子入见，公曰：“章谏吾曰：‘愿君之废酒也！不然，章赐死。’如是而听之，则臣为制也；不听，又爱其死”。 晏子曰：“幸矣章遇君也！令章遇桀纣者，章死久矣。”于是公遂废酒。
同样是劝谏，晏子既尊重了领导的权威，赞扬了领导的思路，保护了同僚的生命，还达到了真正劝谏的目的。齐景公对待人民刑罚残酷，因小事而砍足的制度让百姓怨声载道。一天，景公觉得晏子的家在市场附近，劝他换间住处。晏子说，我不能搬家，因为我与这里有感情；另外我靠近市场可以了解商业行情，说买东西也方便。景公问他：你靠近市场，知道什么东西贵贱吗？晏子立即答到：踊贵而履贱。踊是断足之人穿的鞋子，履是健康人穿的鞋子，踊贵而履贱了。景公“愀然改容。公为是省于刑”。下令废除了这种刑罚。这充分说明，在和上级领导沟通交流是，善于使用巧妙的语言和语境，可以实现和谐沟通，提高工作效率，保证企业凝聚力。
4、和谐的发展观念。晏子的思想中还渗透了和谐的发展观念。所谓和谐的发展观念是指在企业的经营中注重现实环境，制订科学战略，坚持效益导向，寻求科学方法，实现持久发展。
晏子曾说，“今夫车轮，山之直木也，良匠揉之，其圆中规，虽有槁暴，不复嬴矣，故君子慎隐揉。和氏之璧，井里之困也，良工修之，则为存国之宝，故君子慎所修。今夫兰本，三年而成，湛之苦酒，则君子不近，庶人不佩；湛之縻醢，而贾匹马矣。非兰本美也，所湛然也。”意思是说，直木一旦做成车轮便无法再取直，兰草和蒿本的价值取决于浸泡它的物品。所以，企业不会是孤立的，在现实的环境中，企业的效益好坏在某种程度上取决于竞争者的策略、供应商的材料、客户的信誉和相关企业的资产状况，在投资、营销决策时要分析透彻，不然会造成不可挽回的损失。
5、和谐的营销竞争。市场中，竞争是利益驱动的战车。社会主义市场经济体制下的企业，在不断加剧的竞争环境中展开竞争，但是这样的竞争应该是对消费者充满责任感、对竞争对手充满竞争感的竞争。晏子认为，“傲大贱小则国危，慢听厚敛则民散。事大养小，安国之器也；谨听节俭，众民之术也。”对于我们的竞争对手，过度地担心和强者的竞争，过度地轻视和弱势企业的竞争，都会使本企业处于危险的位置。
“君子如美，渊泽容之，众人归之，如鱼有依，极其游泳之乐；若渊泽决竭，其鱼动流，夫往者维雨乎，不可复已。”把消费者看作是“渊泽”，重视消费者的能量，充分掌握消费者的资讯状况，赢得自己经营的空间，赢得更大的消费者群体。
参考文献：《晏子春秋译注》，卢守助，上海古籍出版社，2006，6，第一版
作者简介：杨文凯，陕西富平人，山东省青年管理干部学院经济系，讲师。
Yanzi Thought and Manage harmoniously in Enterprise
1. Yan Zi‘s theory says " harmoniously "
Say,the " harmonious " thought has a long history from essence, it is the thought of basically running a country of period that the people are noble and the country prosperous. It is generally acknowledged, the origin of the harmonious thought can be traced back to the doctor on famous Qi of the pre-Qin period --Yan Zi. One that is according to " spring and autumn such as Yan Zi " " whether scene common to call roof beam mound until with own and Yan Zi remonstrate with 5 " record: Recognize as Jing Qi roof beam mound according to be able to with the own and when,sections of statements such Yan Zi: "Until with too also, how it takes to be and. ……
Different. Unless with here like custard, water, fire, Xi, Kai, salt, plum, in order to lasting fish, by firewood, it kill and it,last it by flavor neat one as,in order to letting out because there aren‘t it, gentleman food it, by hearts of it flat. The monarch and his subjects are as the same. So-called you can, and whether there is here, the official offers its negation, in order to become it; So-called you deny, and there is here, the official offers it, in order to go its negation. It is flat instead of doing with the policy, the people have not fought for the heart.Say from the reason poem: ‘ also have it with the custard, give up and flat; It play speech 鬷,when waste have it fight for. ‘ the five flavours of helping of king first, and five, too, with flat heart its.Is also like flavor: A spell, two body, three kinds, four things, five times, six law, seven sound, eight wind, nine songs, in order to become too; Clear and turbid, size, strong and weak points, disease slowly, funeral music, late rapidly hard and soft, relative superiority, come in and go out, circulate, in order to help too. Gentleman listen to it, with flat his heart, flat Germany of heart and. " Yan Zi has explained here " harmoniously " vividly just as cooked the soup of custard, with two kinds of elements that totally counteracted of water and fire, oil, salt, sauce, vinegar that complement,etc. all kinds of condiment cook the fish, meat, and then according to concrete cooking into the similarities and differences of the procedure and personal taste, add the condiment or add and add the fresh water, could make into the delicious custard soup, it could be dispassionate to drink down, and if pursue unanimous between the higher and lower levelsly, just as add the fresh water to the fresh water, what delicious food can have? Similarly, " harmonious " like perform music, need coordinate, could stand up mild and indirect twists various level different note of power according to speed size, it sounds as if, cultivate the moral character and nourish the nature, and if identical pursue, just like a note forever, what melodies can have?
It is obvious, Yan Zi is through analyzing and " identical " difference, has pointed out the " harmonious " basic principle and key element sound throwing " harmoniously ": The harmony is difference, uniqueness, pertinence or even contradiction of acknowledging the objective world, give play to the complementarity, flexibility of the things, good at admitting, glad to be tolerant, easy to coordinate.
2.Enlightenment managed to enterprises harmoniously
2.11 Harmonious administrator‘s quality.
The administrator‘s quality is the effective foundation or not of business administration. Yan Zi thinks, " Germany is not enough to cherish people, enough Huimin of policy; Award enough to advise good, punishment enough to prevent from non-: Even trip of causing a state to perish. "If enterprise‘s administrator‘s quality is disharmonious, that will be a whiff of strength of destroying enterprises. According to view of Yan Zi, possess " Germany " cherish people, " policy " Huimin, " award ", advise kind, " punishment " defend four basic administrator of quality enterprise mainstay of management,etc..Speaking from the modern meaning, a harmonious enterprise administrator, must possess the following quality: (1)Good morality training. (2)Sturdy working thinking. (3)Can make scientifically, use enterprise‘s system rationally. (4)Can with sad and happy together with staff, can also " plan and worry ahead of the people and enjoy the fruits after the people ".
2.2Harmonious way to choose the right person. Yan Zi say: "Ground different to grow, let with one, responsibility it born, can‘t take all; People the different can,ones that and let is by matter,can‘t responsibility, all over succeeding. How to already have the responsibility, the wise can‘t give, ask how to have no Yan, world can‘t be supported too. Unless last people so Ming king, to flatter is near and about, party manage originally to A towards; Take the post as people‘s head, non- strong it is short, take the post as people‘s worker, non- strong it is clumsy. This takes the post as people‘s bold vision too. "Can find out, choosing and appointing the thought and permeating the harmonious idea too to talents of Yan Zi. The basic reason that enterprises choose the right person is to maximize favourable factors and minimize unfavourable ones, should strengthen the analysis on talent and study, thestudy on enterprise‘s institutional framework of enhancement, the duty characteristic of the post of careful analysis, look for the effective combination of the three, choose talents scientifically. Can pursue, compete hillock, try on hillock, rounds of hillock,etc. help specialty and advantage method of appointing to give play to staff, and to the personal shortcoming, " evade but ignore what enterprises paid attention to while choosing the right person, restrict but reject. "
2.3 The harmonious inside communicates. Not communicating and exchanging, business administration is still, there is no productivity even more. (1)The requirements for leader: "Towards occupy tight to make, have speech, make, have speech have, smell. It make it there is speech whom I call the silent,on have smell whom I call the deaf. Deaf and silent, hurt country and how about even ". Yan Zi is actually in the voice that the leader who points out enterprises must pay attention to the staff, treat voice and behavior coming from the masses of staff, maintain an apropos and just attitude to analyze. Without everybody‘s speech, there is no management intelligence of enterprises. (2)To the requirement subordinate to a ministry: As prime minister, shoulder helpful king duty to control world, this need, remonstrate with offer a piece of advice often. And the intelligence which Yan Zi " remonstrates with " is the model that communicates with the leader subordinate to a ministry. Record in " Yan Zi‘s annals ": Drink commonly in scene, incessant in seven days and seven nights. The string chapter remonstrates with saying: "You wanted to drink for seven days and seven nights, the chapter wished your waste wine too! Otherwise, the chapter commits suiside by imperial order. "Yan Zi enters seeing, the duke says: "Zhang JianWu says: ‘ wish your waste wine too! Otherwise, the chapter commits suiside by imperial order. ‘ hear its, then for make too official; Do not hear, like its dying ". Yan Zi says: "The chapter meets you too for good fortune! Persons who make the chapter meet Jie Zhou, the chapter dies long. "Then satisfy the waste wine commonly. Also try to persuade and remonstrate with, Yan Zi has already respected the leader‘s authority, has praised the leader‘s thinking, have protected the colleague‘s life, Have also achieved the goal of really trying to persuade and remonstrating with. JingGong Qi treat people to be penalty cruel, cut down system of foot let common people cries of discontent rise all round because of minor matter. One day, the scene think commonly Yan Zi‘s home was near the market, advised him to change a room of accommodation. Yan Zi says, I can‘t move, because I and here are passionate; In addition I can find out about business news close to the market, say that it is convenient too to do shopping. The scene is asked him commonly: Do you know close to the market what is high and low? Yan Zi answers to immediately: Leap up expensively and the shoe is lowpriced. It is the shoes that the people with broken foot wore to leap up, the shoe is the shoes that the healthy people wore, have leapt up expensively and the shoe is lowpriced. The duke of scene " is sorrowful-looking to change to hold. It is the province in punishment to be common". Order to abolish this kind of penalty. This prove until leading body at a higher level it socialises to be, good at, use ingenious language and linguistic context fully, can realize that communicate harmoniously, improve working efficiency, guarantee the cohesive force in enterprise.
2.4Harmonious development idea. Have also permeated the harmonious development idea in Yan Zi‘s thought. The so-called harmonious development idea refers to the realistic environment in the management of enterprises, make scientific strategy, adhere to the benefit direction, seek the scientific method, realize that develops enduringly. Yan Zi say " today wheel, frank wood of mountain too, the good craftsman rub their, his round hits the rule, withered and cruel, does not reply Ying, so the gentleman rubs carefully and latently. With ancient piece of jade,the tired too in in well, build workers good by it, treasure to deposit country, so gentleman the careful to build. The is originally blue today, profound Bitters, then the gentleman was not near, the common person did not wear in three years; Profound Mi Kai, the horse. Non- blue and originally beautiful too, profound and right too. "That is to say straight wood make wheel into to be unable to fetch frank again, fragrant thoroughwort and Artemisia value originally depend on article to soak it. So, enterprises will not be isolated, in the realistic environment, the benefit quality of enterprises depends on the competitor‘s tactics, the supplier‘s material, the customer‘s prestige and the assets states of relevant enterprises to a certain extent, analyze while investing in, marketting decision thoroughly, otherwise will cause irretrievable losses.
2.5 Harmonious marketing competition. In the market, the competition is the combat tank that interests drove. The enterprises under the socialist market economy system, compete in the competitive environment that is aggravating constantly, but such a competition should full of sense of duty, are full of competitions of competition senses to the rival to consumers. Yan Zi think " proud and heavy and lowpriced and small country endanger, slow to listen to thick to hold back the people come loose. Thing heavy to raise light, even device of An Guo; Listen to thrifty, too all skill of the people sincerely. "As to our rival, excessively worry with the powerhouse‘s competition, excessively despising and competition of weak tendency enterprises, will make this enterprise in the position of the danger. "
If the gentleman is beautiful, the deep pool pool holds it, everybody belongs to it, for instance, the fish depend on, ones that swam deeply are happy; If deep pool pool exhaust, fish its move, flow, person link rain, can‘t have already replied. "Regard consumers as " the deep pool ", pay attention to consumers‘ energy, fully grasp consumers‘ information state, gain the space that oneself deals in, gain bigger consumer‘s colony.
References: <Yan Zi‘s annotation of translation in spring and autumn >,Lu shouzhu, the ancient book publishing house of Shanghai, 2006, 6
Profile: Yang WenKai, The native in Fuping of Shaanxi, The department of economics of Shandong Youth Administrative Cadre College, Lecturer
从本质上来讲，“和谐”思想由来已久，是国富民强时期的基本治国思想。一般认为，和谐思想的渊源可以追溯至先秦时期著名的齐国上大夫——晏子。据《晏子春秋》之《景公谓梁丘据与己和晏子谏第五》记载：齐景公认为只有梁丘据能与己和时，晏子有这样一段陈述： “据亦同也，焉得为和。……异。和如羹焉，水、火、醯、醢、盐、梅，以烹鱼肉，燀之以薪，宰夫和之，齐之以味，济其不及，以泄其过，君子食之，以平其心。君臣亦然。君所谓可，而有否焉，臣献其否，以成其可；君所谓否，而有可焉，臣献其可，以去其否。是以政平而不干，民无争心。故诗曰：‘亦有和羹，既戒且平；奏鬷无言，时靡有争。’先王之济五味，和五声也，以平其心，成其政也。声亦如味：一气，二体，三类，四物，五声，六律，七音，八风，九歌，以相成也；清浊，大小，短长，疾徐，哀乐，刚柔，迟速，高下，出入，周流，以相济也。君子听之，以平其心，心平德和。”
晏子在此形象地阐述了“和谐”就像做羹汤，用水与火两种完全相克的元素，辅之油、盐、酱、醋等各种不同调料来烹煮鱼、肉，再根据具体的烹煮成程序和个人口味的异同，添加调料或者加兑清水，才能做成美味羹汤，喝下去才能平心静气，而如果追求上下一致，就像往清水里兑清水，还能有什么美味呢？同样的，“和谐”如同演奏音乐，需要把把各种高低强弱的不同音符按快慢大小协调起来才能婉转曲折，听起来才能修身养性，而如果追求前后一致，就像永远一个音符，还能有什么旋律呢？
可见，晏子通过分析“和谐”与“一致”的区别，掷地有声地指出了“和谐”的基本原则和要素：和谐是承认客观世界的差异性、独特性、针对性甚至是矛盾性，发挥事物的互补性、灵活性，善于接纳，乐于宽容，易于协调。
二、晏子对企业“和谐管理”的启示
晏子一生辅佐齐庄公、灵公和景公三代君王，他治国的言行和做法自始至终渗透着亲民、节俭、温和、机智、宽容，致力于齐国的政通人和，成为和谐思想的践行者。他的思想，对我国市场经济体制深化、竞争日趋激烈形势下的各类企业来说，有很大的借鉴意义，启示企业不断发挥主体性作用，创建和谐管理体制。
1、和谐的管理者素质。管理者的素质是企业管理有效与否的基础。晏子认为，“德不足以怀人，政不足以惠民；赏不足以劝善，刑不足以防非：亡国之行也。”企业管理者素质如果不和谐，那将是摧毁企业的一股力量。根据晏子的观点，具备“德”怀人、“政”惠民、“赏”劝善、“刑”防非等四项基本素质的管理者才是企业经营的中流砥柱。从现代意义上讲，一个和谐的企业管理者，必须具备以下素质：
（1）良好的品德修养。选择和谐的管理者，是要选择品德修养高的人。事实上，无论企业的性质、行业、规模、战略如何，在选择管理者时都不应当偏离这一点。笔者坚定地反对那些任人唯才、不重品德的管理者选任方法。而事实都一再证明，选择那些经常被员工津津乐道的人，选择重视以人为本的人，才能建立一支团结、凝聚、高效的队伍，产生更高的企业效益。
（2）扎实的工作思路。和谐的管理者更为重要的是一种扎实的工作思路和方法。尤其是大中型企业在经济高速发展的过程中，工作思路扎实的管理者才是保证企业持久生存的导师。拥有扎实的工作思路，就是要对组织的长远目标清晰认识，对企业的战略规划坚决支持，对部门的各项事务科学安排，对下属的具体工作合理指导。
（3）能科学制定、合理运用企业制度。对于和谐素质的管理者而言，重视以人为本，但是必须重视制度管理的基础。企业发展的每个阶段，必须不断根据新的形势、遵循科学规律完善各种制度，也要合理、理性、毫无例外的运用企业的制度表彰优秀，防止混乱，惩罚后进。其中关键的是制度的运用，一定要明确制度是警示、约束然后惩罚，他的作用和效能关键在前两者，而不是后者。
（4）既能与员工同哀同乐，又能“先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐”。管理者的和谐要充分体验员工的成功和忧虑，但是工作的重心却应当是重视工作中的差异性，善于用独特的眼光看待各种经营现象。保持居安思危的紧张情绪，更要对处于低谷中的企业和员工进行激励。
2、和谐的用人之道。晏子说，：“地不同生，而任之以一种，责其俱生不可得；人不同能，而任之以一事，不可责遍成。责焉无已，智者有不能给，求焉无餍，天地有不能赡也。故明王之任人，谄谀不迩乎左右，阿党不治乎本朝；任人之长，不强其短，任人之工，不强其拙。此任人之大略也。”
可以看出，晏子对于人才的选拔和任用思想同样渗透和谐理念。企业用人的基本道理是扬长避短，还应该加强对人才的分析和研究，加强对企业组织结构的研究，仔细分析岗位的职责特征，寻找三者的有效结合，科学选拔人才。可以推行竞岗、试岗、轮岗等有利于发挥员工的特长和优势的任用方法，而对于个人的缺点，企业在用人时注重的“规避而不是无视，制约而不是剔除。”
3、和谐的内部沟通。没有沟通和交流，企业管理没有活力，更没有生产力。
（1）对领导者的要求：“朝居严则下无言，下无言则上无闻矣。下无言则吾谓之喑，上无闻则吾谓之聋。聋喑，非害国家而如何也”。晏子其实在提示企业的领导者必须重视员工的声音，对待来自于广大员工的声音和表现，持中肯公正的态度进行分析。如果没有大家的言论，就没有企业的经营智慧。
（2）对部属的要求：作为丞相，负有帮助君王治理天下的职责，这就需要经常进言上谏。而晏子“谏”的智慧是部属和领导沟通的典范。《晏子春秋》中记载：景公饮酒，七日七夜不止。弦章谏曰：“君欲饮酒七日七夜，章愿君废酒也！不然，章赐死。”晏子入见，公曰：“章谏吾曰：‘愿君之废酒也！不然，章赐死。’如是而听之，则臣为制也；不听，又爱其死”。 晏子曰：“幸矣章遇君也！令章遇桀纣者，章死久矣。”于是公遂废酒。
同样是劝谏，晏子既尊重了领导的权威，赞扬了领导的思路，保护了同僚的生命，还达到了真正劝谏的目的。齐景公对待人民刑罚残酷，因小事而砍足的制度让百姓怨声载道。一天，景公觉得晏子的家在市场附近，劝他换间住处。晏子说，我不能搬家，因为我与这里有感情；另外我靠近市场可以了解商业行情，说买东西也方便。景公问他：你靠近市场，知道什么东西贵贱吗？晏子立即答到：踊贵而履贱。踊是断足之人穿的鞋子，履是健康人穿的鞋子，踊贵而履贱了。景公“愀然改容。公为是省于刑”。下令废除了这种刑罚。这充分说明，在和上级领导沟通交流是，善于使用巧妙的语言和语境，可以实现和谐沟通，提高工作效率，保证企业凝聚力。
4、和谐的发展观念。晏子的思想中还渗透了和谐的发展观念。所谓和谐的发展观念是指在企业的经营中注重现实环境，制订科学战略，坚持效益导向，寻求科学方法，实现持久发展。
晏子曾说，“今夫车轮，山之直木也，良匠揉之，其圆中规，虽有槁暴，不复嬴矣，故君子慎隐揉。和氏之璧，井里之困也，良工修之，则为存国之宝，故君子慎所修。今夫兰本，三年而成，湛之苦酒，则君子不近，庶人不佩；湛之縻醢，而贾匹马矣。非兰本美也，所湛然也。”意思是说，直木一旦做成车轮便无法再取直，兰草和蒿本的价值取决于浸泡它的物品。所以，企业不会是孤立的，在现实的环境中，企业的效益好坏在某种程度上取决于竞争者的策略、供应商的材料、客户的信誉和相关企业的资产状况，在投资、营销决策时要分析透彻，不然会造成不可挽回的损失。
5、和谐的营销竞争。市场中，竞争是利益驱动的战车。社会主义市场经济体制下的企业，在不断加剧的竞争环境中展开竞争，但是这样的竞争应该是对消费者充满责任感、对竞争对手充满竞争感的竞争。晏子认为，“傲大贱小则国危，慢听厚敛则民散。事大养小，安国之器也；谨听节俭，众民之术也。”对于我们的竞争对手，过度地担心和强者的竞争，过度地轻视和弱势企业的竞争，都会使本企业处于危险的位置。
“君子如美，渊泽容之，众人归之，如鱼有依，极其游泳之乐；若渊泽决竭，其鱼动流，夫往者维雨乎，不可复已。”把消费者看作是“渊泽”，重视消费者的能量，充分掌握消费者的资讯状况，赢得自己经营的空间，赢得更大的消费者群体。
参考文献：《晏子春秋译注》，卢守助，上海古籍出版社，2006，6，第一版
作者简介：杨文凯，陕西富平人，山东省青年管理干部学院经济系，讲师。
Yanzi Thought and Manage harmoniously in Enterprise
1. Yan Zi‘s theory says " harmoniously "
Say,the " harmonious " thought has a long history from essence, it is the thought of basically running a country of period that the people are noble and the country prosperous. It is generally acknowledged, the origin of the harmonious thought can be traced back to the doctor on famous Qi of the pre-Qin period --Yan Zi. One that is according to " spring and autumn such as Yan Zi " " whether scene common to call roof beam mound until with own and Yan Zi remonstrate with 5 " record: Recognize as Jing Qi roof beam mound according to be able to with the own and when,sections of statements such Yan Zi: "Until with too also, how it takes to be and. ……
Different. Unless with here like custard, water, fire, Xi, Kai, salt, plum, in order to lasting fish, by firewood, it kill and it,last it by flavor neat one as,in order to letting out because there aren‘t it, gentleman food it, by hearts of it flat. The monarch and his subjects are as the same. So-called you can, and whether there is here, the official offers its negation, in order to become it; So-called you deny, and there is here, the official offers it, in order to go its negation. It is flat instead of doing with the policy, the people have not fought for the heart.Say from the reason poem: ‘ also have it with the custard, give up and flat; It play speech 鬷,when waste have it fight for. ‘ the five flavours of helping of king first, and five, too, with flat heart its.Is also like flavor: A spell, two body, three kinds, four things, five times, six law, seven sound, eight wind, nine songs, in order to become too; Clear and turbid, size, strong and weak points, disease slowly, funeral music, late rapidly hard and soft, relative superiority, come in and go out, circulate, in order to help too. Gentleman listen to it, with flat his heart, flat Germany of heart and. " Yan Zi has explained here " harmoniously " vividly just as cooked the soup of custard, with two kinds of elements that totally counteracted of water and fire, oil, salt, sauce, vinegar that complement,etc. all kinds of condiment cook the fish, meat, and then according to concrete cooking into the similarities and differences of the procedure and personal taste, add the condiment or add and add the fresh water, could make into the delicious custard soup, it could be dispassionate to drink down, and if pursue unanimous between the higher and lower levelsly, just as add the fresh water to the fresh water, what delicious food can have? Similarly, " harmonious " like perform music, need coordinate, could stand up mild and indirect twists various level different note of power according to speed size, it sounds as if, cultivate the moral character and nourish the nature, and if identical pursue, just like a note forever, what melodies can have?
It is obvious, Yan Zi is through analyzing and " identical " difference, has pointed out the " harmonious " basic principle and key element sound throwing " harmoniously ": The harmony is difference, uniqueness, pertinence or even contradiction of acknowledging the objective world, give play to the complementarity, flexibility of the things, good at admitting, glad to be tolerant, easy to coordinate.
2.Enlightenment managed to enterprises harmoniously
2.11 Harmonious administrator‘s quality.
The administrator‘s quality is the effective foundation or not of business administration. Yan Zi thinks, " Germany is not enough to cherish people, enough Huimin of policy; Award enough to advise good, punishment enough to prevent from non-: Even trip of causing a state to perish. "If enterprise‘s administrator‘s quality is disharmonious, that will be a whiff of strength of destroying enterprises. According to view of Yan Zi, possess " Germany " cherish people, " policy " Huimin, " award ", advise kind, " punishment " defend four basic administrator of quality enterprise mainstay of management,etc..Speaking from the modern meaning, a harmonious enterprise administrator, must possess the following quality: (1)Good morality training. (2)Sturdy working thinking. (3)Can make scientifically, use enterprise‘s system rationally. (4)Can with sad and happy together with staff, can also " plan and worry ahead of the people and enjoy the fruits after the people ".
2.2Harmonious way to choose the right person. Yan Zi say: "Ground different to grow, let with one, responsibility it born, can‘t take all; People the different can,ones that and let is by matter,can‘t responsibility, all over succeeding. How to already have the responsibility, the wise can‘t give, ask how to have no Yan, world can‘t be supported too. Unless last people so Ming king, to flatter is near and about, party manage originally to A towards; Take the post as people‘s head, non- strong it is short, take the post as people‘s worker, non- strong it is clumsy. This takes the post as people‘s bold vision too. "Can find out, choosing and appointing the thought and permeating the harmonious idea too to talents of Yan Zi. The basic reason that enterprises choose the right person is to maximize favourable factors and minimize unfavourable ones, should strengthen the analysis on talent and study, thestudy on enterprise‘s institutional framework of enhancement, the duty characteristic of the post of careful analysis, look for the effective combination of the three, choose talents scientifically. Can pursue, compete hillock, try on hillock, rounds of hillock,etc. help specialty and advantage method of appointing to give play to staff, and to the personal shortcoming, " evade but ignore what enterprises paid attention to while choosing the right person, restrict but reject. "
2.3 The harmonious inside communicates. Not communicating and exchanging, business administration is still, there is no productivity even more. (1)The requirements for leader: "Towards occupy tight to make, have speech, make, have speech have, smell. It make it there is speech whom I call the silent,on have smell whom I call the deaf. Deaf and silent, hurt country and how about even ". Yan Zi is actually in the voice that the leader who points out enterprises must pay attention to the staff, treat voice and behavior coming from the masses of staff, maintain an apropos and just attitude to analyze. Without everybody‘s speech, there is no management intelligence of enterprises. (2)To the requirement subordinate to a ministry: As prime minister, shoulder helpful king duty to control world, this need, remonstrate with offer a piece of advice often. And the intelligence which Yan Zi " remonstrates with " is the model that communicates with the leader subordinate to a ministry. Record in " Yan Zi‘s annals ": Drink commonly in scene, incessant in seven days and seven nights. The string chapter remonstrates with saying: "You wanted to drink for seven days and seven nights, the chapter wished your waste wine too! Otherwise, the chapter commits suiside by imperial order. "Yan Zi enters seeing, the duke says: "Zhang JianWu says: ‘ wish your waste wine too! Otherwise, the chapter commits suiside by imperial order. ‘ hear its, then for make too official; Do not hear, like its dying ". Yan Zi says: "The chapter meets you too for good fortune! Persons who make the chapter meet Jie Zhou, the chapter dies long. "Then satisfy the waste wine commonly. Also try to persuade and remonstrate with, Yan Zi has already respected the leader‘s authority, has praised the leader‘s thinking, have protected the colleague‘s life, Have also achieved the goal of really trying to persuade and remonstrating with. JingGong Qi treat people to be penalty cruel, cut down system of foot let common people cries of discontent rise all round because of minor matter. One day, the scene think commonly Yan Zi‘s home was near the market, advised him to change a room of accommodation. Yan Zi says, I can‘t move, because I and here are passionate; In addition I can find out about business news close to the market, say that it is convenient too to do shopping. The scene is asked him commonly: Do you know close to the market what is high and low? Yan Zi answers to immediately: Leap up expensively and the shoe is lowpriced. It is the shoes that the people with broken foot wore to leap up, the shoe is the shoes that the healthy people wore, have leapt up expensively and the shoe is lowpriced. The duke of scene " is sorrowful-looking to change to hold. It is the province in punishment to be common". Order to abolish this kind of penalty. This prove until leading body at a higher level it socialises to be, good at, use ingenious language and linguistic context fully, can realize that communicate harmoniously, improve working efficiency, guarantee the cohesive force in enterprise.
2.4Harmonious development idea. Have also permeated the harmonious development idea in Yan Zi‘s thought. The so-called harmonious development idea refers to the realistic environment in the management of enterprises, make scientific strategy, adhere to the benefit direction, seek the scientific method, realize that develops enduringly. Yan Zi say " today wheel, frank wood of mountain too, the good craftsman rub their, his round hits the rule, withered and cruel, does not reply Ying, so the gentleman rubs carefully and latently. With ancient piece of jade,the tired too in in well, build workers good by it, treasure to deposit country, so gentleman the careful to build. The is originally blue today, profound Bitters, then the gentleman was not near, the common person did not wear in three years; Profound Mi Kai, the horse. Non- blue and originally beautiful too, profound and right too. "That is to say straight wood make wheel into to be unable to fetch frank again, fragrant thoroughwort and Artemisia value originally depend on article to soak it. So, enterprises will not be isolated, in the realistic environment, the benefit quality of enterprises depends on the competitor‘s tactics, the supplier‘s material, the customer‘s prestige and the assets states of relevant enterprises to a certain extent, analyze while investing in, marketting decision thoroughly, otherwise will cause irretrievable losses.
2.5 Harmonious marketing competition. In the market, the competition is the combat tank that interests drove. The enterprises under the socialist market economy system, compete in the competitive environment that is aggravating constantly, but such a competition should full of sense of duty, are full of competitions of competition senses to the rival to consumers. Yan Zi think " proud and heavy and lowpriced and small country endanger, slow to listen to thick to hold back the people come loose. Thing heavy to raise light, even device of An Guo; Listen to thrifty, too all skill of the people sincerely. "As to our rival, excessively worry with the powerhouse‘s competition, excessively despising and competition of weak tendency enterprises, will make this enterprise in the position of the danger. "
If the gentleman is beautiful, the deep pool pool holds it, everybody belongs to it, for instance, the fish depend on, ones that swam deeply are happy; If deep pool pool exhaust, fish its move, flow, person link rain, can‘t have already replied. "Regard consumers as " the deep pool ", pay attention to consumers‘ energy, fully grasp consumers‘ information state, gain the space that oneself deals in, gain bigger consumer‘s colony.
References: <Yan Zi‘s annotation of translation in spring and autumn >,Lu shouzhu, the ancient book publishing house of Shanghai, 2006, 6
Profile: Yang WenKai, The native in Fuping of Shaanxi, The department of economics of Shandong Youth Administrative Cadre College, Lecturer
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