IFRS 3 Business Combination之简单解说


先说一下IFRS 3的适用范围:

  1. 不适用JV的产生
  2. 不适用business combinations involving entities or businesses under common control  等等

把这个搞清楚了,才明白IFRS 3的规定:

IFRS 3 requires all business combinations within its scope to be accounted for by applying the purchase method.

不是针对under common control的公司合并。

但是与CAS不同的是,IFRS 3的规定更松一些。比如,如果公司甲与公司乙都受同一控制,甲收购乙,原则上使用成本法,即pooling of interest method,但是如果甲一定要使用IFRS 3采用equity pick-up,即权益法,也是可以的。而CAS的规定则是非常明确的。

 

其次,对于purchase method有三步骤:

第一,  确认acquirer

第二,  Measure cost

第三,  Allocate the cost to the assets acquired and liabilities and contingent liabilities assumed

 

以上三步骤与《企业会计准则第20 号——企业合并》的要求基本差不多,没有什么区别。但是涉及到更细的问题,IFRS 3要详细的多。

这里举几个例子,

1. Restructuring provision

如果被收购方对于重组后有自己的计划,IFRS 3不认可任何负债或者是或有负债,原因是所有因为重组计划而产生的负债及或有负债都是在收购这个时点之后的事情,并不是因为past event,所以不能确认。英文原句是:

However, an acquiree’s restructuring plan whose execution is conditional upon its being acquired in a business combination is not, immediately before the business combination, a present obligation of the acquiree. Nor is it a contingent liability of the acquiree immediately before the combination because it is not a possible obligation arising from a past event whose existence will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the acquiree. Therefore, an acquirer shall not recognise a liability for such restructuring plans as part of allocating the cost of the combination.

但是,如果有contractual obligation,就是说在收购前就跟谁签过合同,说如果我被收购了,我会付你一笔钱,那么就要确认一个liability

 

2. In-process of research and development

对于被收购方正在进行的科研成果,可以在合并时确认为无形资产,而不是向自己进行R&D时资本化那样的严格要求。但是稍微提一下,这里美国准则和国际准则也有不同。两者都要确认,比如,收购成本为100元,其中被收购方现金50元,科研成果公允价值20元,那么商誉Goodwill30元。IFRS 3说这个20元放在账面摊销并有减值测试,但是美国准则说确认后立刻进入当期费用。

 

3. Minority interest

对于少数股东权益,CAS 20里没有明说怎么处理,但是实务中按照IFRS3的要求,少数股东权益是按照公允价值的比例来确认。

再提一下US GAAP,它们的要求是,收购方按照公允价值,少数股东仍然按照账面价值确认。个人认为IFRSCAS比较合理,对于报表的反应更加统一,否则同一个科目,有公允的有账面的,不是很奇怪。

 

4. Goodwill

IFRSCAS对企业合并中的商誉要求是一致的。但是,对于asso,即联营公司产生的商誉,在CAS没有找到明文规定怎么处理,只是说:“长期股权投资的初始投资成本大于投资时应享有被投资单位可辨认净资产公允价值份额的,不调整长期股权投资的初始投资成本”。来说一下IFRS中提到的:

IAS 28:

Because goodwill included in the carrying amount of an investment in an associate is not separately recognised, it is not tested for impairment separately by applying the requirements for impairment testing goodwill in IAS 36 Impairment of Assets. Instead, the entire carrying amount of the investment is tested under IAS 36 for impairment, by comparing its recoverable amount (higher of value in use and fair value less costs to sell) with its carrying amount, whenever application of the requirements in IAS 39 indicates that the investment may be impaired.

所以,对于asso的商誉不单独确认,也不单独进行减值测试,而是把asso作为整体来测试。

 

暂时说到这。中国新准则现在来看很大程度上就是国际准则的翻译版,当然也有自己的东西。不过准则的详细程度来说还是差了比较大,即使是参考应用指南,也没有原版的IFRS详细。希望以后等新准则普及了,一切都会完善起来。