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世界对同性恋态度悄然在变 传统社会多了些宽容
http://www.sina.com.cn 2010年01月24日09:00 环球时报
传统社会多了些宽容西方国家也难免禁忌
世界对同性恋态度悄然在变
“在拥有1400万人口的德里，寻找同性恋者会很困难吗？按照统计规律，这里应该有大约100万名同性恋者。”带着这样的疑问，英国《独立报》记者几天前在这个古老东方国度的大城市里，开始了“探寻之旅”，“地图”是网站上列出的同性恋光顾之地。但他们找了4个地方都一无所获。但《独立报》记者还是感受到“在印度，同性恋的生存环境正逐渐变得宽松”。与印度有相似之处的是中国、韩国等东方文化国家。在飞速发展的社会进程中，它们都对这一群体表现出了更多的宽容，但本国传统道德价值观也不可避免地仍在释放着压力。其实，无论是在同性恋者已跻身政坛的欧美，还是在该群体遭严重歧视的非洲，同性恋虽然都已不再是禁忌话题，却也能轻易地触动国家的敏感神经。
发生在东方国度的碰撞
《独立报》18日称，在同性恋被宣布不再属违法行为的6个月后，孟买开设了印度首家同性恋用品商店；印度去年举行了首次合法的同性恋游行；在印度报纸分栏广告里，还赫然列有“同性恋按摩”广告。而著名宝莱坞电影制作人阿尼尔•夏尔马即将推出一部同性恋题材电影，该片被称为“印度版《断背山》”。4年前，一部同性恋题材的小制作电影《我的兄弟Nikhi》删去大量敏感镜头后在印度上映，《纽约时报》说，“该片平静而温和地通过了印度电影敏感的神经”。而1997年反映女同性恋的影片《火艳》上映后，愤怒的印度人曾砸毁了影院。如今这部敏感题材电影的导演说：“在第377条款被修订之后，相信印度观众有足够成熟的视角来看待这一问题。”
这位导演提到的“第377条款”是在印度存在了近150年的反同性恋法案，它规定，“任何违反自然定律的性行为”，均处以最低10年、最高终身监禁的刑罚。尽管不断有人要求废除该条款，但印度政府几经权衡，还是不敢触碰这个“禁区”，直到去年7月新德里高等法院宣布同性恋不再属犯罪行为。对印度各界来说，这是一个大胆的裁决。事后，印度国会谨慎地表示这“与政党无关”；卫生部和内政部都要求驳回此决议；军方高官强调，同性恋在印度三军中不可能合法化。一些宗教领袖则强烈抨击这是“对印度宗教与道德价值的攻击”。
对于文化传统强大的印度社会来说，接受同性恋并非易事，即使是那些自称“观念开放”的人。正如印度为数不多公开同性恋身份的瓦伦对《独立报》所说：“如果同性恋者是别人的兄弟，他们也许会说这很酷，但如果是自己的兄弟，他们会说，‘噢！我的老天！’”《独立报》说，在印度这个建立在婚姻制度上的传统社会，父母总是告诉子女要结婚育子，过传统的生活，因此，大多数同性恋者选择不公开身份。
在另一个古老的东方国度———中国，这个敏感话题也一次次冲击着社会的承受底线。美国CNN18日报道称，一场差点可以标志中国对同性恋群体开放态度的“同性恋先生”比赛，最终被取消了。英国《泰晤士报》说，此事表明同性恋距离被这个保守社会接受还有很远的路要走。CNN还援引一位刘姓先生的话说，他不敢告诉父亲自己的身份，“我父亲根本不相信世界上会存在同性恋”。
很多西方媒体承认，在过去几年中，中国社会对同性恋的看法发生了巨大改变。本月初，《中国日报》在头版报道了中国出现的首例同性恋婚姻，尽管它尚不合法，对此，法新社称，这表明中国社会对同性恋的态度在进一步开放。《独立报》去年底还报道了中国首家受到政府支持的同性恋酒吧开业一事，并称其实在中国许多城市都有同性恋酒吧，它们并未受到政府干涉。《澳大利亚人报》18日回顾了中国政府在这一问题上的“开放脚步”：1997年，同性恋不再被视为犯罪；2001年，同性恋不再被列为精神疾病，“中国社会的容忍度无疑在提高”。文章还承认，公开同性恋身份可能给家人造成深深的、甚至是永久性的裂痕，在这一点上，“中国与许多西方国家及传统社会是一样的”。
美欧同性恋面孔越来越多
在美国，同性恋者开始向政界挺进。去年12月，“航天城”休斯敦选出一位女同性恋市长，美国从而首次拥有了大城市同性恋市长；同月，26岁男同性恋罗达伦当选加州硅谷地区坎贝尔市长，成为美国最年轻的同性恋市长；近日，在民风保守、摩门教徒占主流的犹他州，一名女同性恋议员自愿担任一对男同性恋朋友的代孕母亲。而在欧洲政治圈，同性恋已成为一种“时尚”。去年2月西于尔扎多蒂就任冰岛总理，成为世界上首位公开同性恋身份的政府首脑。德国去年迎来一位同性恋副总理兼外长———韦斯特韦勒。法国总统萨科齐任命同性恋者弗雷德里克•密特朗为文化部长。英国有11名议员公开了“同志”身份，其中内阁里有两位。
欧美对同性恋的宽容态度也不过是近30年来的事。西于尔扎多蒂就曾感叹，30年前她开始政治生涯时，“冰岛对同性恋是极度恐惧的”。而美国则在上世纪六七十年代经历了斗争最激烈的年代。2008年轰动美国的电影《米尔克》讲述的就是那段历史。米尔克是美国第一个民选出的公开同性恋身份的政府官员，他最终死在保守派政敌的手中。在很长一段时间里，在清教徒立国的美国，同性恋都被视为异端，直到1996年才宣布同性恋者享有宪法保护的平等权利。
在欧美，同性恋话题直到今天也并非没有禁忌。美国每次总统大选，同性恋婚姻问题都会反复被拿出来拷问候选人。在同性恋者最多、风气最开放的加州，同性恋婚姻先被同意后又遭禁止，闹得沸沸扬扬。去年著名真人秀节目“美国偶像”最后对决中，一人是嗓音优美、打扮美艳的男同性恋亚当，另一人是长相淳朴、来自中部小城的虔诚教徒克里斯，最终，美国民众把克里斯推上了冠军宝座。媒体评论说，亚当的同性恋身份是他失利的主要原因。此后，亚当在超过1400万人观看的美国音乐奖颁奖典礼上与一名男键盘手接吻，直播该典礼的美国广播公司立刻接到大量投诉，只好在后来的新闻中删除该镜头。欧盟去年的调查报告称，超过半数的欧盟民众认为性倾向歧视在自己所在的国家非常普遍。
拉美、非洲传统势力更强大
墨西哥城市中心著名的玫瑰区，夜间一派迷人景象。窄小的巷子里，朦胧的粉色或红色灯光从酒吧或俱乐部中散发出来，同性伴侣们或拥抱或亲吻，手牵手在街上显示着恩爱。这一切早已不能再让经过的人们惊讶了。去年底，墨西哥城通过立法赋予同性恋婚姻合法权利，墨城成为天主教势力强大的拉美地区首个通过类似立法的首都城市。
安东尼奥•弗洛雷斯是一位模特，他说，墨西哥一些较小的州依旧保守，因此在小地方出生的他，来到摩登的墨城玫瑰区寻找工作机会，也寻找能够认同他的圈子。玫瑰区时尚亮眼，餐厅精致小巧，服装店的衣服永远古怪迷人，还有毫不忌讳展示的情趣用品店，让这里成为“同性恋者的天堂”。研究者说，这里和上世纪50年代具有标志意义的纽约格林威治镇一样。
但即便得到了法律许可，墨西哥很多同性恋者还是拒绝公开承认自己的性取向。墨媒体认为，在这里，罗马天主教的观点仍对人们的言行有着巨大影响。墨城去年底通过同性婚姻及收养法案后，墨西哥天主教教堂曾号召拒绝同性婚姻在教堂举行。墨右翼组织和天主教会表示，投票让这一法案得以通过的议员都是“罪人”。不久前，巴西总统卢拉向国会提交了有关同性婚姻合法化的提议后，也遭到巴西主教联合会的严厉谴责。在拉美，同性恋者被视为高危人群。2008年美洲艾滋病研究基金会调查显示，拉美同性恋和双性恋者患艾滋病几率比普通人群高出33%，而26%的墨西哥同性恋者患有艾滋病，这一比率在拉美最高。
在非洲，同性恋遭到来自当地传统文化的反抗最为激烈。去年底，乌干达年轻议员大卫•巴哈提提出表决《反同性恋法案》，要求大大加重对同性恋的量刑。此事令乌遭到美国、瑞典等国的威胁，声称要对其停止援助。但乌总统1月初依旧对乌干达《新景报》称，会推动修改该法案，而这意味着乌当局将坚决推出这部法律。《新景报》以及英国BBC都承认，这项议案得到了绝大多数乌干达人的民意支持。自议案提出后，巴哈提成了名人，乌首都坎帕拉街头不时出现支持他和法案的游行队伍。《星期日泰晤士报》17日称，在非洲，围绕同性恋的争执已经上升到了对美国文化的争议。文章称，许多非洲人都赞同津巴布韦总统穆加贝的说法———他认为同性恋是性堕落者，同性恋以前在非洲根本不存在，是白人将其引入到非洲，“让白人去干那些事吧！”在乌媒体看来，这是“西方试图威逼非洲接受同性恋”。在整个非洲，同性恋者普遍遭到歧视。肯尼亚一名博客作者曾花了3个月进行“是否排斥同性恋者”的民调，结果令他震惊：96%的投票者觉得同性恋是可耻的。分析人士认为，非洲许多国家的宗教势力都很强大，不论伊斯兰教、天主教或新教都严厉反对同性恋，传统的非洲自然宗教也多认为同性恋是可耻的；而非洲作为全球艾滋病的重灾区，更加重了对同性恋的恐惧和愤怒。唯一例外的是南非。2006年南非成为全球第五个承认同性婚姻合法的国家，也是非洲绝无仅有的一个。
瑞典乌普萨拉大学历史系教授琳达•巴克特曼对《环球时报》记者说，同性恋的现象应该是全人类社会普遍存在的，但其后续发展和蔓延则受到社会环境及历史传统文化的制约。巴克特曼说，整个欧洲对此持开放态度，是因为其受到古希腊文化的影响———在古希腊时期，同性恋就不被反对；但东方文化一直讲究阴阳调和，因此对同性恋一直持排斥态度。至于西方法律界近年来对同性恋的放开也是受到文化传统的影响，因为严格意义上讲，法律是大文化的一部分，但在东方国家，对同性恋给予法制上更多的宽容和接受，现在还缺少相应的社会背景和人文基础。
World is quietly changing the traditional attitude toward homosexuality have become more tolerant society http://www.sina.com.cn 2010 Nian 01 Yue 24 Ri 09:00 Global Times
Traditional societies have become more tolerant of Western countries are also bound to taboos
World's attitude toward homosexuality are changing quietly
"In Delhi has a population of 14 million search for homosexuals will be very difficult? Accordance with the statistical law, there should be about one million homosexuals." With such a doubt, the British newspaper "Independent" reporter a few days ago in this ancient Oriental country's big cities began a "search for Tour", "map" is listed on the site to patronize gay land. However, they found a four places to no avail. But "The Independent" reporter, or feel that "In India, homosexuality is gradually becoming relaxed living environment." There are similarities with India, China, South Korea and other countries Oriental culture. In the rapid development of the social process, they are all in this group showed more tolerance, but their traditional moral values, will inevitably continue to release pressure. In fact, both in Europe and the United States homosexuals have been among the political arena, or in the group were severely discriminated against in Africa, although homosexuality are no longer a taboo topic, it also can easily touch the sensitive nerves of the country.
The collision occurred in the East country
"The Independent" 18, said that in homosexuality was declared no longer an offense to 6 months later, opened in Mumbai, India's first gay stores; India last year held its first legal gay parade; in Indian newspaper column ad , but are also surprised to contain "gay massage" ads. The well-known Bollywood filmmaker Anil Sharma • upcoming a gay theme film, the film is called "the Indian version of" Brokeback Mountain "." 4 years ago, a small gay theme film, "My brother Nikhi" by deleting a large number of sensitive lens released in India, "New York Times" said, "quiet and modest film through the sensitive nerve of the Indian film" . 1997, reflecting the lesbian film "Fire-yan," began playing, angry Indians had destroyed the theater. Today, this sensitive film's director, said: "In terms of section 377 was amended after, I believe that the Indian audience mature enough perspective to look at this problem."
The director mentioned that the "provisions of section 377" is a presence in India for nearly 150 years of anti-gay bill, which provides that "any violation of natural law of sex" are punishable by a minimum 10 years, the maximum penalty of life imprisonment. While there are people continuously call for the repeal of the provision, but the Indian government after several trade-offs, or dare not touch this "forbidden zone", until last July in New Delhi High Court declared that homosexuality is no longer a crime. All walks of life in India, this is a bold decision. Later, the Indian parliament cautioned that this "has nothing to do with political parties"; Ministry of Health and the Ministry of the Interior require the dismissal of this resolution; military officials emphasized that homosexuality can not be legalized in India in the armed forces. Some religious leaders have strongly criticized this is "India's religious and ethical values of the attacks."
For a strong cultural tradition in Indian society, the acceptance of homosexuality is not easy, even those who call themselves "the concept of open" person. As one of the few openly gay identity in India Wallen of the "Independent" newspaper said: "If homosexuals are someone else's brothers, they might say it's cool, but if they are their brothers, they would say, 'Oh! My God! ' "" The Independent ", said that based on the institution of marriage in India's traditional society, parents are always telling their children to get married Ikuko lead a traditional way of life, so chose not to open the majority of gay identity.
In another ancient oriental country --- China, this sensitive topic is also time and again hitting the bottom line of social acceptability. U.S. CNN18 reported that almost could be a sign of China's open attitude towards the gay community, "Mr. Gay" competition was eventually canceled. British "The Times" said that the matter that homosexuality was such a conservative community to accept the distance there is still a long way to go. CNN also quotes a Mr. Liu Xing as saying that he dare not tell his father's own identity, "My father did not believe that the world will exist on the homosexual agenda."
Many Western media have admitted that in the past few years, Chinese society has undergone tremendous views on homosexuality changed. Earlier this month, "China Daily" reported on the front page emerged in China's first gay marriage, even though it is illegal, this, the AFP said that this shows that China's social attitudes about homosexuality, open up further. "The Independent" last year also reported by the government-backed China's first gay bar opening concerned, adding that in fact many Chinese cities have gay bars, they are not subject to government interference. "The Australian" on the 18th review of the Chinese government on this issue "open step,": In 1997, homosexuality is no longer considered a crime; in 2001, homosexuality is no longer classified as mental illness, "Chinese society of tolerance degree no doubt improved. " The article also acknowledged that openly gay family members may have caused a deep, even a permanent rift, and in this point, "China and many Western countries and traditional societies are the same."
The United States and Europe face more and more gay
In the United States, homosexuals began to advance the political. Last year in December, "space city" to elect a lesbian mayor of Houston, the United States and thus for the first time a homosexual mayor of major cities; the same month, 26-year-old gay Evan Low was elected mayor of California's Silicon Valley, Campbell, became the youngest U.S. gay mayor; Recently, in the customs are conservative, and those prevailing in Utah Mormons, a lesbian members who volunteered to be a pair of gay friends, surrogate mother. In European political circles, homosexuality has become a "fashionable." In February last year, the West was Erzha Doty became Iceland's prime minister, becoming the world's first openly gay head of government. Germany last year ushered in a homosexual Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister --- Westerwelle. French President Nicolas Sarkozy to appoint homosexuals Frederick • Mitterrand, minister of culture. Britain has 11 legislators of the "comrades" status, which the Cabinet there are two.
Europe and the United States tolerant attitude toward homosexuality is merely a matter for nearly 30 years. West at Erzha Doty once lamented, 30 years ago, when she began a political career, "Iceland right that homosexuality is extreme fear." While the United States in the sixties and seventies of last century experienced the most intense years of struggle. The United States in 2008 hit film "milk" is about the history. Mielke is the first American people elected openly gay government officials, he finally died in the hands of the conservative political opponents. For a long period of time, in the Puritan founding of the United States, homosexuality is regarded as heresy, until 1996, when declared homosexuals have a constitutionally protected right to equality.
In Europe and the United States, homosexuality is not until today there is no topic taboo. Every time the United States presidential election, gay marriage will be out again to torture candidate. Gay largest trend the most open in California, gay marriage, the agreement will again be the first to be banned, created a hubbub. Last year, the famous reality show "American Idol" final showdown in which a person is a beautiful voice, dressed glamorous gay male Adam, the other person is looks simple, devout Catholics from the central town of Warren in the end, the American people to Christian pushed the Champion. Media have commented that Adam's homosexual identity is the main reason for his defeat. Since then, Adam in more than 14 million people watched the American Music Awards keyboard player with a male kissing, live in the ceremony, ABC immediately received a large number of complaints had to later remove the lens of the news. The EU last year's survey reported that more than half of EU citizens believe that sexual orientation discrimination in their own country where very common.
Latin America, Africa, the traditional forces of more powerful
Mexico City, a famous Rose area, night school of charming scene. Narrow alley, the hazy pink or red lights from the bars or clubs distributed out of same-sex couples are, or hugging or kissing, hand in hand in the street showing the affection. After all this had not let the people surprised. Late last year, Mexico City, gay marriage through legislation giving legal rights, Mexico City, to become the powerful Catholic Church in Latin America's first adoption of similar legislation in the capital city.
• Antonio Flores is a model, he said, some of the smaller states in Mexico is still a conservative, and therefore little place of birth, he came to modern Mexico City, Zona Rosa to find job opportunities, but also looking to identify with his circle of . Rose district brightest fashion, restaurants, compact, clothing stores and clothing is always charming eccentric, there is no taboo sex accessories store display, and make it become a "gay paradise." The researchers said that here and in the last century, 50 years of landmark significance in the same town of Greenwich, New York.
But even been permitted by the law, Mexico, many homosexuals still refused to publicly acknowledge their sexual orientation. Mexican media held that, where the views of the Roman Catholic Church still has a tremendous impact on people's words and deeds. Mexico City late last year and adoption by same-sex marriage bill, the Mexican Catholic Church has refused to call for same-sex marriage in the church. Mexican right-wing organizations and the Catholic Church, the vote is passed this bill so that members are "sinners." Not long ago, Brazilian President Lula submitted to Congress on proposals to legalize same-sex marriage, has also been severely condemned the Federation of Brazilian Bishops. In Latin America, homosexuals are regarded as high-risk groups. 2008 the Inter-American Foundation for AIDS Research survey, Latin America, gay and bisexual AIDS risk 33% higher than the general population, while 26% of Mexican homosexuals suffering from AIDS, the rate the highest in Latin America.
In Africa, homosexuality has been resistance from the local traditional culture, the most intense. Late last year, Uganda, Mr David Young • Baha Ti put "anti-gay bill", requiring much heavier penalties for homosexuality. Uzbekistan has been the matter so that the United States, Sweden and other countries threatened, claiming that you want to stop aid. However, Ukraine still early in January, President of the Uganda's "new vision" that will push to amend the bill, which would mean the introduction of the law firm will Wudang. "New vision" and the British BBC have admitted that this motion has been the vast majority of Ugandans, who have popular support. Since the motion was made, Baha Ti became a celebrity, Uganda's capital Kampala on the streets from time to time to support him and the bill parade. "Sunday Times" 17, said that in Africa, the dispute over homosexuality has risen to the controversy of American culture. The article said that many Africans are in favor of Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe's argument --- that he considers homosexuality to be sexual corruption, homosexuality did not exist before in Africa, is white its introduction to Africa, "Let's buckle down to action to those things white bar !, "the Ukrainian media, this is" the West trying to force the acceptance of homosexuality in Africa. " Throughout Africa, widespread discrimination against homosexuals. Kenya, a blog author who spent 3 months "whether exclusion of homosexuals," the poll result, he was shocked: 96% of voters think that homosexuality is shameful. Analysts believe that many African countries are a powerful religious forces, whether Muslim, Catholic or Protestant are strictly opposed to homosexuality, traditional African religions are also more naturally think that homosexuality is shameful; and Africa as the world's hardest hit by AIDS, and more re - the fear of homosexuality and anger. The only exception is South Africa. 2006 South Africa became the world's fifth state recognition of same-sex marriage legal, but also Africa's unique one.
Uppsala University history professor Linda • Backteman on "Global Times" reporter that the phenomenon of homosexuality should be a universal of all human society, but its follow-up development and spread is limited by their social environment and history of traditional culture constraints. Backteman said that an open attitude towards the whole of Europe because of its being the ancient Greek cultural influence --- in ancient Greece, homosexuality would not be against it; but pay attention to yin and yang, oriental culture has been reconciled, so the exclusion of homosexuality has always held a attitude. As for the West of the legal profession in recent years, the liberalization of homosexuality is also the impact of traditional cultural values, because the strict sense, the law is big part of the culture, but in Eastern countries, to give the rule of law against homosexuality in greater tolerance and acceptance, and now the lack of appropriate social background and cultural foundation.
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