|
妇女与艾滋病毒/艾滋病
2010年03月08日00:07
在1980年代这一疾病开始流行之时，妇女被认为游离在感染这一病毒风险的边缘。这种病毒看来似乎局限于与男子性交的男子、性工作者和静脉注射吸毒者。现在，艾滋病毒感染了千百万人，其中许多妇女是从丈夫或伴侣处感染的。艾滋病已成为人类历史上最严重的大流行病，任何人，无论其性别、种族、阶级或性取向为何，都无法幸免。
年轻人、尤其是年轻妇女，遭受着特别大的风险，因为在许多国家，她们获得信息和公共卫生服务的机会有限。比起年轻男子，年轻妇女和女孩受教育的机会可能少些，在性关系中更容易受到胁迫和暴力。由于妇女和女孩所处的不平等地位，她们得到预防、治疗和照顾方案的机会也不平等。一些国家资金有限，就把治疗的机会保留给某些“优先群体”，例如军队或公务员。
艾滋病毒/艾滋病不仅是一场健康危机，而且是对全球发展的挑战。妇女和女孩在财产继承权上受到的歧视，在教育、公务部门、赚取收入机会、保健等方面机会的不平等以及根深蒂固的暴力问题，都使她们特别容易感染艾滋病毒。感染了艾滋病毒/艾滋病的妇女还承受着被羞辱、受歧视和被忽视的多重负担。
联合国妇女和两性平等机构间网络认识到艾滋病给当今妇女造成的毁灭性影响，决定一年一度的三八国际妇女节在2004年的重点是妇女与艾滋病毒/艾滋病。而2004年世界艾滋病运动的主题是“妇女，女童与艾滋病毒/艾滋病”。
易受感染的生理因素
艾滋病毒／艾滋病的一个明显残酷性是，就罹患此病而言，妇女在生理上处于比男子不利的地位。男传女的可能性比女传男的可能性要大得多。事实上，研究显示妇女感染艾滋病毒的机率比男子高出两倍。截至2003年年底，发展中国家感染艾滋病毒的人中半数以上是妇女，在撒南非洲，15至24岁的年轻妇女感染的机率比年轻男子高出2.5倍。
从生理的角度，妇女在性交时更可能造成微小损伤，她们更容易感染艾滋病毒。实验室试验表明，就单位密度而言，男子精液所含病毒的密度高于女性分泌物。此外，年青女孩的生殖系统尚未发育完全，她们更易受到微小损伤，特别是在被迫性交的时候。据估计，妇女受到各种性传播感染的机率也比男子高出两倍，而性传播感染得不到治疗的情况又是感染艾滋病毒的另一个风险因素。
尽管使用和分发避孕套现已得到广泛的支持和资助，但对杀微生物剂和由妇女控制的保护方法的研究仍是不够的，而且资金也不足。鉴于妇女在争取安全性行为方面仍处于不利地位，有必要投入更多资源寻找新的保护方法，这些办法应为妇女着想，而且易于获取。
暴力行为助长了流行病的蔓延
除有关艾滋病毒的生理因素及其肆意蔓延外，还有一系列社会、经济和文化因素同样对妇女形成挑战，并损害到妇女的福祉，其中最重要的一个因素就是暴力行为。暴力行为侵犯了妇女的人权，加重了妇女感染艾滋病毒的风险。
家庭暴力是侵害妇女的暴力行为中最不易为人察觉的一种，普遍存在于所有社会，影响到各种年龄层的妇女。在全球范围，10％至50％的妇女报告说，一生中至少有一次遭受亲密伴侣的殴打，往往还伴随着性暴力。在世界上几乎所有国家，家庭暴力是导致妇女受伤的主要原因之一。
在发生武装冲突时，妇女遭受到包括性攻击在内一切形式的暴力行为。最近发生在波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、东帝汶和卢旺达的事例表明，蓄意强奸和性暴力已成为战争的手段。苏丹的临床数据指出说，战乱地区孕妇感染艾滋病毒的比率比非军事区的孕妇高出6至8倍。
贩运妇女和性剥削也使妇女处于感染艾滋病毒、遭受暴力和虐待的高风险之中。
暴力甚至可以严重威胁到防治艾滋病毒的努力。由于妇女害怕遭受暴力，她们不敢寻求有关艾滋病毒／艾滋病的信息、不敢接受化验、以及预防母婴传播、治疗和咨询辅导等方面的服务。
胁迫——加大了风险
未经同意的性行为发生率高和没有能力说服对方进行更安全的性交，也加剧了艾滋病毒在妇女中的迅速传播。最近在南非进行的一份调查表明，三分之一以上的青年妇女说她们不敢拒绝性挑逗，一半以上的人承认只因性伴侣的坚持才进行性交。20％至48％的人说她们的初次性交是被迫的，这是个令人震惊的数字。
妇女往往从丈夫或有多个性伙伴的性伴侣处感染艾滋病毒。许多社会容忍、甚至鼓励男子从事这类高危行为，把乱交视为男子汉的象征。在艾滋病症状发作前，病毒有漫长的发展期，让人自以为不必担心。
全世界的民间社会和社区组织都在努力改变歧视妇女的习俗、价值标准和行为，确保将男女平等的观点纳入战胜艾滋病毒/艾滋病的所有努力。
经济和法律障碍
加剧艾滋病危机在妇女中传播的另一因素，是妇女在经济和财政上对男子的依赖。获得和控制土地、房屋和其他财产及其所有权的问题，对艾滋病毒抗体阳性的妇女或寡妇以及因艾滋病而失去父母的孤儿而言已成为特别紧急的需要。许多国家仍存在歧视妇女的法律或造成妇女不平等地位的法律制度。
没有对土地或房屋的权利，妇女的经济选择就会缩小，她们就更易陷入贫穷的境地、受到暴力的伤害，沦为无家可归。贫穷会使妇女铤而走险，例如忍受虐待的关系，或以不安全的性行为换取金钱、住房、食品或教育。
在许多国家，妇女对土地和财产的权利是通过婚姻获得的。如果婚姻因被丈夫抛弃、离婚或丈夫死亡而终结，妇女的土地权和房屋权也就到此结束。贫穷和文盲妇女往往没有实际的资源去通过法律制度诉求帮助。
对感染艾滋病毒或罹患艾滋病的妇女，情况就更加艰难。与艾滋病有关的羞辱和歧视可对妇女及其家庭产生灾难性的影响。当妇女因感染艾滋病毒或成为艾滋病寡妇而受到家庭的鄙弃时，她们有可能失去对家庭财产的全部权利，尤其是在实施传统法律制度的国家。亡故配偶的亲戚可能会宣布自己有继承权，寡妇和孤儿因此很容易陷入赤贫。
通过法律改革来保护妇女的平等地位，可减轻妇女和受扶养人受到的艾滋病的负面影响。维护女性财产权和继承权等改革，可加强妇女的经济保障，提高妇女的能力，减少她们易受家庭暴力、不安全性行为和其他与艾滋病有关的风险因素伤害的程度，从而实际减少艾滋病毒的传播。
教育女孩是关键
在约1.04亿未入学的小学学龄儿童中，女孩占57％。由于早婚、怀孕、经济困难或家务等因素，女孩辍学的可能性也要大于男孩。
在艾滋病毒感染率高的国家，过去十年里女孩的入学人数有所下降。调查表明，在15至19岁的男孩和女孩中，有基本知识、了解如何保护自己免于感染艾滋病毒/艾滋病的女孩少于男孩，而在获得准确信息的机会有限的地区，许多误解十分普遍。这些误解可导致产生一些对女孩尤其有害的神话，例如“与处女性交可治愈艾滋病毒”及类似的谎言。
教育女孩是提高其能力、使其更有知识和技能、因而可在生活中获得成功的有效途径。教育还可以使她们有更多的机会获得信息，从而防止艾滋病毒和其他性病的传播。在学校里受教育的时间越长、获得谋生技能和保健教育的女孩，一般开始性行为活跃的时间就越晚，也更了解预防的方法和检查的重要性。
分担护理的重负
在世界各地，家务活以及对家人的护理主要都是由妇女来做的。“护理经济”一词有时指主要由妇女和女孩来做的许多家务活，如做饭洗衣、挑水打柴、以及照料家人。尽管这些无酬工作为国民经济及整个社会做出了巨大贡献，但其所需时间、精力及资源的价值却很少会得到承认或考虑。
艾滋病这一大流行病大大增加了许多妇女的护理负担。贫穷及公共服务的缺乏使得许多妇女无法承受这一重负，进而造成种种社会、健康及经济问题。妇女和女孩要无酬护理患有与艾滋病毒或艾滋病有关的疾病的家人或其他人，就无法将时间用于创收、提高教育程度或学习技能等其他活动，因此失去了各种机遇，代价是巨大的。艾滋病使贫穷妇女人数日增，妇女权力日减，在这一流行病危害最烈的区域，则更是如此。
承受艾滋病毒/艾滋病负担的妇女和女孩往往得不到充分的物质及精神支持。因此，需要进一步努力，为她们提供训练以及保健物资，如一次性手套、药品、补充食物、以及支付学费及其他教育费用的办法。家庭护理方案还需要增加咨询辅导、以及为丧偶妇女提供的创收机会等内容。
这些方案应当让男子和男孩参与进来，以便改变在性别角色上的一些传统态度和文化观念。男子和男孩应当在性行为上持负责任的态度，并参与护理和支助。他们须做到平等对待妇女，在性关系中要得到妇女的同意，并且要在妇女怀孕、生产及抚育子女的过程中提供护理。在促进妇女的经济权利及独立方面，包括在让妇女获得就业、享受适当工作条件、掌握经济资源以及充分参与决策等方面，男子的作用至关重要。
必须加大宣传倡导的力度，提高人们的意识，让他们更好地了解妇女的无酬护理工作的重要性，及其为妇女、社区和整个社会为此付出的社会及经济代价和得到的效益。联合国及其各政府间和非政府伙伴正在鼓励政策制定者在全球、国家、社区及家庭各级采取行动，向护理者提供社会保障。（来源联合国网站）
婦女與艾滋病毒/艾滋病
2010年03月08日00:07
在1980年代這一疾病開始流行之時，婦女被認為游離在感染這一病毒風險的邊緣。這種病毒看來似乎局限於與男子性交的男子、性工作者和靜脈注射吸毒者。現在，艾滋病毒感染了千百萬人，其中許多婦女是從丈夫或伴侶處感染的。艾滋病已成為人類歷史上最嚴重的大流行病，任何人，無論其性別、種族、階級或性取向為何，都無法倖免。
年輕人、尤其是年輕婦女，遭受著特別大的風險，因為在許多國家，她們獲得信息和公共衛生服務的機會有限。比起年輕男子，年輕婦女和女孩受教育的機會可能少些，在性關係中更容易受到脅迫和暴力。由於婦女和女孩所處的不平等地位，她們得到預防、治療和照顧方案的機會也不平等。一些國家資金有限，就把治療的機會保留給某些“優先群體”，例如軍隊或公務員。
艾滋病毒/艾滋病不僅是一場健康危機，而且是對全球發展的挑戰。婦女和女孩在財產繼承權上受到的歧視，在教育、公務部門、賺取收入機會、保健等方面機會的不平等以及根深蒂固的暴力問題，都使她們特別容易感染艾滋病毒。感染了艾滋病毒/艾滋病的婦女還承受著被羞辱、受歧視和被忽視的多重負擔。
聯合國婦女和兩性平等機構間網絡認識到艾滋病給當今婦女造成的毀滅性影響，決定一年一度的三八國際婦女節在2004年的重點是婦女與艾滋病毒/艾滋病。而2004年世界艾滋病運動的主題是“婦女，女童與艾滋病毒/艾滋病”。
易受感染的生理因素
艾滋病毒／艾滋病的一個明顯殘酷性是，就罹患此病而言，婦女在生理上處於比男子不利的地位。男傳女的可能性比女傳男的可能性要大得多。事實上，研究顯示婦女感染艾滋病毒的機率比男子高出兩倍。截至2003年年底，發展中國家感染艾滋病毒的人中半數以上是婦女，在撒南非洲，15至24歲的年輕婦女感染的機率比年輕男子高出2.5倍。
從生理的角度，婦女在性交時更可能造成微小損傷，她們更容易感染艾滋病毒。實驗室試驗表明，就單位密度而言，男子精液所含病毒的密度高於女性分泌物。此外，年青女孩的生殖系統尚未發育完全，她們更易受到微小損傷，特別是在被迫性交的時候。據估計，婦女受到各種性傳播感染的機率也比男子高出兩倍，而性傳播感染得不到治療的情況又是感染艾滋病毒的另一個風險因素。
儘管使用和分發避孕套現已得到廣泛的支持和資助，但對殺微生物劑和由婦女控制的保護方法的研究仍是不夠的，而且資金也不足。鑑於婦女在爭取安全性行為方面仍處於不利地位，有必要投入更多資源尋找新的保護方法，這些辦法應為婦女著想，而且易於獲取。
暴力行為助長了流行病的蔓延
除有關艾滋病毒的生理因素及其肆意蔓延外，還有一系列社會、經濟和文化因素同樣對婦女形成挑戰，並損害到婦女的福祉，其中最重要的一個因素就是暴力行為。暴力行為侵犯了婦女的人權，加重了婦女感染艾滋病毒的風險。
家庭暴力是侵害婦女的暴力行為中最不易為人察覺的一種，普遍存在於所有社會，影響到各種年齡層的婦女。在全球範圍，10％至50％的婦女報告說，一生中至少有一次遭受親密伴侶的毆打，往往還伴隨著性暴力。在世界上幾乎所有國家，家庭暴力是導致婦女受傷的主要原因之一。
在發生武裝衝突時，婦女遭受到包括性攻擊在內一切形式的暴力行為。最近發生在波斯尼亞和黑塞哥維那、東帝汶和盧旺達的事例表明，蓄意強姦和性暴力已成為戰爭的手段。蘇丹的臨床數據指出說，戰亂地區孕婦感染艾滋病毒的比率比非軍事區的孕婦高出6至8倍。
販運婦女和性剝削也使婦女處於感染艾滋病毒、遭受暴力和虐待的高風險之中。
暴力甚至可以嚴重威脅到防治艾滋病毒的努力。由於婦女害怕遭受暴力，她們不敢尋求有關艾滋病毒／艾滋病的信息、不敢接受化驗、以及預防母嬰傳播、治療和諮詢輔導等方面的服務。
脅迫——加大了風險
未經同意的性行為發生率高和沒有能力說服對方進行更安全的性交，也加劇了艾滋病毒在婦女中的迅速傳播。最近在南非進行的一份調查表明，三分之一以上的青年婦女說她們不敢拒絕性挑逗，一半以上的人承認只因性伴侶的堅持才進行性交。 20％至48％的人說她們的初次性交是被迫的，這是個令人震驚的數字。
婦女往往從丈夫或有多個性夥伴的性伴侶處感染艾滋病毒。許多社會容忍、甚至鼓勵男子從事這類高危行為，把亂交視為男子漢的象徵。在艾滋病症狀發作前，病毒有漫長的發展期，讓人自以為不必擔心。
全世界的民間社會和社區組織都在努力改變歧視婦女的習俗、價值標準和行為，確保將男女平等的觀點納入戰勝艾滋病毒/艾滋病的所有努力。
經濟和法律障礙
加劇艾滋病危機在婦女中傳播的另一因素，是婦女在經濟和財政上對男子的依賴。獲得和控制土地、房屋和其他財產及其所有權的問題，對艾滋病毒抗體陽性的婦女或寡婦以及因艾滋病而失去父母的孤兒而言已成為特別緊急的需要。許多國家仍存在歧視婦女的法律或造成婦女不平等地位的法律制度。
沒有對土地或房屋的權利，婦女的經濟選擇就會縮小，她們就更易陷入貧窮的境地、受到暴力的傷害，淪為無家可歸。貧窮會使婦女鋌而走險，例如忍受虐待的關係，或以不安全的性行為換取金錢、住房、食品或教育。
在許多國家，婦女對土地和財產的權利是通過婚姻獲得的。如果婚姻因被丈夫拋棄、離婚或丈夫死亡而終結，婦女的土地權和房屋權也就到此結束。貧窮和文盲婦女往往沒有實際的資源去通過法律制度訴求幫助。
對感染艾滋病毒或罹患艾滋病的婦女，情況就更加艱難。與艾滋病有關的羞辱和歧視可對婦女及其家庭產生災難性的影響。當婦女因感染艾滋病毒或成為艾滋病寡婦而受到家庭的鄙棄時，她們有可能失去對家庭財產的全部權利，尤其是在實施傳統法律制度的國家。亡故配偶的親戚可能會宣布自己有繼承權，寡婦和孤兒因此很容易陷入赤貧。
通過法律改革來保護婦女的平等地位，可減輕婦女和受扶養人受到的艾滋病的負面影響。維護女性財產權和繼承權等改革，可加強婦女的經濟保障，提高婦女的能力，減少她們易受家庭暴力、不安全性行為和其他與艾滋病有關的風險因素傷害的程度，從而實際減少艾滋病毒的傳播。
教育女孩是關鍵
在約1.04億未入學的小學學齡兒童中，女孩佔57％。由於早婚、懷孕、經濟困難或家務等因素，女孩輟學的可能性也要大於男孩。
在艾滋病毒感染率高的國家，過去十年里女孩的入學人數有所下降。調查表明，在15至19歲的男孩和女孩中，有基本知識、了解如何保護自己免於感染艾滋病毒/艾滋病的女孩少於男孩，而在獲得準確信息的機會有限的地區，許多誤解十分普遍。這些誤解可導致產生一些對女孩尤其有害的神話，例如“與處女性交可治愈艾滋病毒”及類似的謊言。
教育女孩是提高其能力、使其更有知識和技能、因而可在生活中獲得成功的有效途徑。教育還可以使她們有更多的機會獲得信息，從而防止艾滋病毒和其他性病的傳播。在學校裡受教育的時間越長、獲得謀生技能和保健教育的女孩，一般開始性行為活躍的時間就越晚，也更了解預防的方法和檢查的重要性。
分擔護理的重負
在世界各地，家務活以及對家人的護理主要都是由婦女來做的。 “護理經濟”一詞有時指主要由婦女和女孩來做的許多家務活，如做飯洗衣、挑水打柴、以及照料家人。儘管這些無酬工作為國民經濟及整個社會做出了巨大貢獻，但其所需時間、精力及資源的價值卻很少會得到承認或考慮。
艾滋病這一大流行病大大增加了許多婦女的護理負擔。貧窮及公共服務的缺乏使得許多婦女無法承受這一重負，進而造成種種社會、健康及經濟問題。婦女和女孩要無酬護理患有與艾滋病毒或艾滋病有關的疾病的家人或其他人，就無法將時間用於創收、提高教育程度或學習技能等其他活動，因此失去了各種機遇，代價是巨大的。艾滋病使貧窮婦女人數日增，婦女權力日減，在這一流行病危害最烈的區域，則更是如此。
承受艾滋病毒/艾滋病負擔的婦女和女孩往往得不到充分的物質及精神支持。因此，需要進一步努力，為她們提供訓練以及保健物資，如一次性手套、藥品、補充食物、以及支付學費及其他教育費用的辦法。家庭護理方案還需要增加諮詢輔導、以及為喪偶婦女提供的創收機會等內容。
這些方案應當讓男子和男孩參與進來，以便改變在性別角色上的一些傳統態度和文化觀念。男子和男孩應當在性行為上持負責任的態度，並參與護理和支助。他們須做到平等對待婦女，在性關係中要得到婦女的同意，並且要在婦女懷孕、生產及撫育子女的過程中提供護理。在促進婦女的經濟權利及獨立方面，包括在讓婦女獲得就業、享受適當工作條件、掌握經濟資源以及充分參與決策等方面，男子的作用至關重要。
必須加大宣傳倡導的力度，提高人們的意識，讓他們更好地了解婦女的無酬護理工作的重要性，及其為婦女、社區和整個社會為此付出的社會及經濟代價和得到的效益。聯合國及其各政府間和非政府夥伴正在鼓勵政策制定者在全球、國家、社區及家庭各級採取行動，向護理者提供社會保障。 （來源聯合國網站）
Women and HIV / AIDS
At 00:07 on March 8, 2010
In the 1980s, when the disease became popular, women are considered free of this virus infection the risk of the edge. This virus appears to be limited to sexual intercourse with men, men, sex workers and intravenous drug users. Now, millions of people infected with HIV, many of them women, from a husband or partner at infection. AIDS has become the history of mankind's most serious pandemic, any person, regardless of their gender, race, class or sexual orientation, are not immune.
Young people, especially young women, suffered a particularly big risk, because in many countries, their access to information and public health services is limited. Compared to young men, young women and girls access to education may be less, in the sexual relationships are more vulnerable to coercion and violence. As women and girls unequal status, their access to prevention, treatment and care programs of unequal opportunities. Some countries, limited financial resources the opportunity to put the treatment reserved for certain "priority groups", such as the military or civil service.
HIV / AIDS is not only a health crisis, but also to global development challenges. Of women and girls in the right to inherit property on the subject of discrimination in education, public sector, income-earning opportunities, health care, inequality of opportunity as well as deep-rooted problem of violence, all make them particularly vulnerable to HIV infection. Infected with HIV / AIDS, women still bear the stigma of being subject to discrimination and neglect of the multiple burden.
Women and Gender Equality of the United Nations Inter-Agency Network of AIDS to recognize the devastating effects of today's women, decided to 38 the annual International Women's Day in 2004 focused on women and HIV / AIDS. The 2004 World AIDS Campaign theme is "Women, Girls and HIV / AIDS."
The physiological factors that vulnerable
HIV / AIDS in an apparent cruelty was diagnosed with the disease, women than men physically at a disadvantage. Men and woman Chuan Chuan men more likely than women much more likely to. In fact, studies have shown that the chances of HIV infection among women than men twice. As of the end of 2003, developing countries, people infected with HIV more than half are women, in sub-Saharan Africa, 15 to 24 years of age the chances of infection in young women than young men, 2.5 times higher.
From the physiological point of view, women are more likely to result in sexual intercourse minor injury, they are more vulnerable to HIV infection. Laboratory tests showed that the unit of density, the density of the virus contained in semen men than women secretions. In addition, the young girl's reproductive system has not yet fully developed, they are more vulnerable to minor injuries, especially in the time of forced sexual intercourse. It is estimated that women are subject to various sexually transmitted infections twice as likely than men, but sexually transmitted infections situation is a lack of treatment of HIV infection is another risk factor.
Although the use and distribution of condoms has now received wide support and funding, but microbicides and female-controlled methods of protection is still not enough, but funding is also inadequate. Given that women still in the fight for safe sex at a disadvantage, there is need to devote more resources to find new methods of protection, these should be for women's sake, but also easy to obtain.
Acts of violence contributes to the spread of the epidemic
In addition to HIV-related physiological factors and wanton spread, there are a range of social, economic and cultural factors also are a challenge for women, and undermine the well-being of women, the most important factor is violence. Violence, violation of women's human rights and increased the risk of HIV infection among women.
Domestic violence is violence against women, the most difficult to detect a kind of exists in all societies and affects women of all ages. Globally, 10% to 50% of women reported at least once in a lifetime being beaten by an intimate partner, often accompanied by sexual violence. Almost all countries in the world, domestic violence is one of the factors leading to women injured.
In the event of armed conflict, women suffer, including sexual assault, including all forms of violence. Recent events in Bosnia and Herzegovina, East Timor and Rwanda, examples show that systematic rape and sexual violence have become the instruments of war. The clinical data indicate that the Sudan, said the war zone and the rate of HIV infection in pregnant women than in pregnant women in the demilitarized zone from 6 to 8 times higher.
Trafficking in women and sexual exploitation of women are also infected with HIV, violence and abuse of high risk.
Violence and even a serious threat to efforts to combat HIV. As women's fear of violence, they did not dare to seek information on HIV / AIDS information, not to be tested, as well as prevention of mother to child transmission, treatment and counseling and other services.
Stress - increased the risk of
Without the consent of a high incidence of sexual activity and no ability to convince the other side a more secure sexual intercourse, also aggravated the HIV virus spread rapidly among women. Recently conducted a survey in South Africa showed that more than one third of young women said that they did not dare refuse sexual advances more than half of them admitted that persist only because of sexual partners before sexual intercourse. 20-48% of them said their first sexual intercourse was forced, this is a shocking figure.
Women are often from her husband or multiple sexual partners, sexual partners at HIV infection. Many societies tolerate and even encourage men to engage in such high-risk behavior, the man regarded as a symbol of promiscuity. Before the onset of symptoms of AIDS, the virus has a long development period, people think they do not have to worry about.
The world's civil society and community organizations are working to change practices that discriminate against women, values and practices to ensure that gender perspectives into the fight against HIV / AIDS in all its efforts.
Economic and legal barriers to
Exacerbate the spread of the AIDS crisis among women, another factor is that women's economic and financial dependence on men. Access to and control over land, houses and other property and ownership problems, and HIV-positive women or widows as a result of AIDS orphans has become particularly urgent in terms of needs. In many countries still discriminate against women's unequal status of women in the law or result in the legal system.
There is no right to land or housing rights, women's economic choices will be reduced, they are more vulnerable to poverty on the situation by violence, are homeless. Poverty makes women desperate, for example, endured an abusive relationship, or to unsafe sex in exchange for money, housing, food or education.
In many countries, women's land and property rights are acquired through marriage. If the marriage has been abandoned by her husband, divorce or death of a husband and the end of women's land rights and housing rights also ended. Poor and illiterate women are often no practical resources to help through the legal system demands.
Infected with the HIV virus or suffering from AIDS, women, the situation is more difficult. AIDS-related stigma and discrimination against women and their families can have a devastating impact. When women become infected with HIV or AIDS widows and disdain by their families, they were at risk of losing all rights to the family property, especially in the implementation of the traditional legal system countries. The death of a spouse's relatives may be declared itself the right to inheritance, widows and orphans, it is easy to fall into extreme poverty.
Through legal reforms to protect women's equality, reduce dependency by women and the negative impact of AIDS. Maintenance of property and inheritance rights of women and other reforms can strengthen women's economic security, empowerment of women and reduce their vulnerability to domestic violence, unsafe sex and other AIDS-related risk factors, extent of injury, thereby effectively reducing the spread of HIV .
Educating girls is the key
At about 104 million primary school-age children not in school, girls accounted for 57%. Because of early marriage, pregnancy, financial difficulties or domestic factors such as the likelihood of girls dropping out of school than boys have.
In countries with high HIV prevalence over the past decade, the enrollment of girls declined. Survey showed that 15 to 19-year-old boys and girls, some basic knowledge on how to protect themselves from HIV / AIDS, fewer girls than boys, and in access to accurate information in areas with limited opportunities, and many misunderstandings are very common . These misconceptions can lead to some of the girls were particularly harmful to the myth, such as "sexual intercourse with a virgin will cure HIV," and similar lies.
Education of girls is to increase its capacity, making it more knowledge and skills and therefore can be successful in life, an effective way. Education also enables them to have more access to information, thereby preventing HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases spread. Education in school longer to obtain life skills and health education of girls generally start time for more sexually active late, but also a better understanding of prevention methods and the importance of inspection.
To share the burden of care
Around the world, as well as family care and household chores are mainly done by women's. The "care economy" is sometimes referred to mainly by women and girls to do many household chores such as cooking, laundry, fetching water and firewood, and care for their families. Although these unpaid work to the national economy and society as a whole made a great contribution, but it requires time, energy and resources of value is rarely recognized or considered.
AIDS pandemic has greatly increased the burden of care of many women. Poverty and lack of public services, many women can not afford the burden, thereby causing various social, health and economic issues. Women and girls to be unpaid care of people with HIV or AIDS-related illness family members or others, you can not be time to generate income, improve education or learning skills and other activities, and therefore lost opportunities, the cost is huge. AIDS and the growing number of poor women, women's power reduced, the most deadly epidemic in this region, then even more so.
To withstand HIV / AIDS and the burden of women and girls often do not receive adequate physical and spiritual support. Therefore, further efforts are needed to provide them with training and health care supplies, such as disposable gloves, medicines, supplementary food, and to pay school fees and other costs of education approach. Home care program is also the need for additional counseling, as well as widowed women in income-generating opportunities and so on.
These programs should allow men and boys involved, in order to change the traditional gender roles on the attitudes and cultural beliefs. Men and boys should be held responsible attitude on sex and to participate in care and support. They are required to achieve equal treatment of women in sexual relationships to obtain the consent of women, and to pregnant women, production and the process of raising children and providing care. In the promotion of women's economic rights and independence, including women's access to employment, access to adequate working conditions, access to economic resources and full participation in decision-making, the men played a vital role.
Must increase advocacy efforts to raise people's awareness so that they can better understand women's unpaid care work, the importance of its women, communities and society as a whole to pay the social and economic costs and benefits received . The United Nations and its intergovernmental and non-governmental partners are encouraged to policy-makers at the global, national, community and household levels to take action to care and provide social security. (Source United Nations website)
|
