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艾滋病患者的饮食护理
2010-9-27 39健康网
人体感染艾滋病病毒(HIV)后，由于多种原因会造成身体的代谢、食物的消化吸收发生变化，绝大多数人会出现一些影响营养素摄入和利用的症状，如腹泻、食欲不振、恶心呕吐等，由此会加重患者的营养缺乏，降低身体对疾病的抵抗能力，并影响其生理功能。专家指出，艾滋病患者除了进行药物治疗外，还应该注意营养支持，营养状况是确定艾滋病病人生存时间长短的一个重要因素。当艾滋病患者出现不同的症状时候，当及时注意补充营养。
忌食生、冷、油腻防腹泻
慢性腹泻是艾滋病常见的并发症，是患者体重降低的一个主要的促进因素，而体重降低其生存时间明显短于体重正常的病人。因此，减轻腹泻、提高食物的吸收率，对维持病人正常的体重是十分必要的。陆主任说，艾滋病患者预防腹泻应食用一些含脂肪低的食物，每天摄入脂肪在40g左右，不要食用过多，难消化会加重腹泻。食物烹调时应限制植物油的使用，以蒸、煮、烩、烧等方法为主，禁用油炸、煎、爆炒等。另外，每天蛋白质摄入量应在100g左右，能量在10.46-12.55MJ(2500-3000kcal)之间。可吃一些脂肪含量较低而蛋白质含量丰富的食物，如瘦肉、鸡肉、鱼虾等海产品、豆制品等。避免吃纤维多和粗糙的食物，比如有籽、带皮的水果和蔬菜、豆类、玉米、洋葱、蒜、菜花、面包和花生等。纤维含量高的食物，如韭菜、芹菜、榨菜等，刺激肠蠕动，会加重腹泻。吃些容易消化的食物，如细挂面、粥、烂米饭、豆腐等。要补充维生素和矿物质。如果腹泻次数较多时，尽量少吃蔬菜和水果，可用鲜果汁、番茄汁等补充维生素。补充充足的水分和含有丰富钾离子的食物，因为腹泻会引起身体脱水，要比平常多喝3~4杯水。要多补充含有丰富钾离子的食物如香蕉、马铃薯、鱼和肉类。有一些食物对止泻有帮助，如白米饭、水煮白面条、白面包等。如果产生胀气，则豆类食物不要食用。
吃不下饭时有方法
当患者吃不下饭，专家说也可以应对的，但要遵循原则，比如备一些营养丰富的食品放在身边，以便觉得有胃口时可以进食;少食多餐;细嚼慢咽，这样能使胃不至于太快充实;在进食前不要喝太多的液体，如水、饮料等，进食时喝少量的液体，两次进餐之间喝一些汤;喝有营养的饮料，如牛奶、豆浆与酸奶;在晚上睡觉前可以吃些食物;在一个放松的环境，与朋友一起或听喜欢的音乐进食。
嘴中有异味要变化饮食
如感到吃肉的口味不好时，换吃鸡、鸭、鱼或蛋;设法增加食物的香味，如在蔬菜中加些香肠、火腿、咸肉或葱等以刺激食欲;有时调味品能去除异味，可在食品中加入醋、柠檬汁，也可吃些泡菜、咸菜;多喝茶、水、咖啡、水果或者糖;不吃有强烈腥味的食物如鱼、虾等。
恶心呕吐更应按时就餐
感染和药物都会引起呕吐反胃，陆主任强调不能不想进食就不吃。少吃或不吃只会使情况更糟。这时候可以让医生开治恶心呕吐的药，在就餐前半小时口服;少量的低脂食物能抑止恶心和呕吐;尽量吃干的食物，如馒头干、面包干、饼干等;吃咸的食物，不要吃甜食;喝清汤;饭后不要立即躺下，最好隔一小时，如果感到体力不支，可半躺半坐;饭后要松衣带，并尽量呼吸些新鲜空气;如果一闻到食物的气味就恶心，那在短时间内不要吃该食物，同时在烹调时，尽量不要让患者闻到烹调的气味;可采取少量多餐的方式;不要食用辛辣、高脂以及含咖啡因的食物。
口腔或咽喉疼痛时以流质为主
口腔和咽部发生炎症，对患者来说是常见的症状，炎症会导致疼痛，某些药物可以造成口干，从而影响进食。专家介绍，口腔或咽喉有炎症或肿胀时，则首先应消除炎症;不要食用粗糙、含纤维高、需要大量咀嚼、坚硬的食物;要吃软食，蔬菜和肉都应切得很细;如软食也不能下咽，则吃半流质，如蘑菇马铃薯汤、鸡蛋玉米汤、香蕉、粥类，婴儿用食物也是不错的选择;避免吃太酸或太咸的食物，橙汁、葡萄汁、番茄汁等酸性果汁也不要饮用，会刺激口腔;不吃辛辣的食品;要吃温食，不要吃太烫的食物;冰棒、冰激凌类的冷冻食品可以减轻吃东西时的疼痛和吞咽，可以试着把一些可以作成冰棒的食物以冷冻方式处理后食用;用吸管、杯子或直接饮用半流质，比用匙吃刺激口腔的机会少。有些药物的副作用可以导致口干，可以多喝一些清淡的果汁(如苹果、水蜜桃汁);吃些较酸的糖果，使分泌唾液湿润口腔;必要时找医生开一些人工唾液。
艾滋病患者要注意营养
艾滋病病毒感染者和患者在进行药物治疗的同时，还应积极进行营养支持。营养支持的主要目的是促进体内蛋白质合成，为人体免疫功能的恢复提供必要的营养，贮存能量，维持人体器官功能。从某种意义上说，营养支持对改善艾滋病感染者和患者的生活质量起着辅助药物治疗的作用。
以高蛋白质和高热量饮食为主通常，艾滋病病毒感染者和患者会因体质改变而出现蛋白质消耗增加、小肠吸收能力减退、体重减轻等现象。此外，服用药物还会影响患者造血功能。针对这些特点，患者和感染者的饮食应以高蛋白质及较高热量的食物为主，并遵循“多样、少量、均衡”的饮食原则。
有益的高蛋白质食物有：鱼虾类，如海水鱼、虾、墨鱼、贝、蟹等;家禽类，如鸡肉、鸽肉、兔肉;牛奶及乳制品，如优质奶酪;蛋类，如鸡蛋、鸭蛋;豆类，如豆腐、豆浆或其他豆制品;其他肉类。高蛋白质饮食会增加肾脏的负担，如果身体不适，请与医生和营养师取得联系，以便对饮食作适当调整。
注意补充维生素和矿物质应多吃新鲜的水果和蔬菜，特别是富含胡萝卜素(如菠菜、芥蓝、番薯、南瓜、胡萝卜)、维生素C(如青椒、橘子、绿菜花、菠菜)、维生素E(如榛子、松子、开心果、大杏仁)及含锌(如牡蛎、贝类、谷类)的食物。应尽量少吃高脂肪的食物，少吃甜食。
具有特殊作用的食物目前，还没有确切的证据表明食物能预防或降低HIV的感染，但有些食物可以增强患者的免疫力，减少并发症。
科学家在试验中发现，维生素C与谷胱甘肽能抑制HIV，其中谷胱甘肽对病毒的抑制率高达90%，而感染者体内的谷胱甘肽含量相对较低，这表明谷胱甘肽可能有助于抑制病毒复制。谷胱甘肽存在于许多食物中，其中芦笋和西瓜中的含量较高，新鲜的葡萄、橘子、草莓、桃子、南瓜、绿菜花等也含有谷胱甘肽。需要指出的是，罐装及加工食品里谷胱甘肽的含量只有新鲜食品的1/8。此外，若将上述食品加热、磨碎或榨汁，也会损失部分谷胱甘肽。
香菇也可增强免疫功能。日本的试验结果显示，香菇具有一定的抗HIV的效果。
注意饮食卫生由于艾滋病病毒感染者和患者的免疫功能较差，平时应格外注意饮食卫生。不吃不洁净的生食或半生不熟的食物，进食前一定要洗手，注意用餐时的环境卫生。一旦发生腹泻，应该多喝饮料，如水和不含柠檬酸的果汁，以补充水分，不要饮用含咖啡因的饮料(如咖啡、可乐)和奶制品的饮料。在腹泻痊愈之前，千万不要进食油炸食品和新鲜的水果。
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AIDS care and diet
2010-9-2739 Health Network
Human HIV infection (HIV), due to a variety of reasons can cause the body's metabolism, changes in digestion and absorption of food, most people there will be some impact on nutrient intake and utilization of symptoms such as diarrhea, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting and so on, which will increase the patient's nutritional deficiencies and reduce the body's resistance to diseases, and affect their physiological functions. Experts point out that in addition to drug treatment of AIDS patients, but also should pay attention to nutritional support, nutritional status is to determine the length of survival of AIDS patients is an important factor. When there are different symptoms of AIDS, when timely attention to nutrition.
Not eat raw, cold, greasy anti-diarrhea
Chronic diarrhea is a common complication of AIDS, patients with weight loss is a major contributing factor, and weight loss, survival time was significantly shorter than normal weight patients. Therefore, to reduce diarrhea and improve the absorption of food, the maintenance of normal body weight of patients is necessary. Luzhu Ren said that prevention of diarrhea in AIDS patients should eat some low fat food, daily intake of around 40g fat, do not eat too much, difficult to digest will increase the diarrhea. Food and cooking should limit the use of vegetable oil, steamed, boiled, braised, burning and other methods based, disable fried, fried, stir-fried and so on. In addition, the daily protein intake should be around 100g, the energy in the 10.46-12.55MJ (2500-3000kcal) between. To eat less fat and protein rich foods such as lean meat, chicken, fish and other seafood, soy products and so on. Avoid eating more fiber and coarse foods, such as a seed, skins of fruits and vegetables, beans, corn, onion, garlic, cauliflower, bread and peanuts. Foods high in fiber, such as leek, celery, mustard, etc., to stimulate bowel movements, will increase the diarrhea. Eat easily digestible food, such as thin noodles, congee, rotten rice and tofu. To add vitamins and minerals. If the diarrhea more frequently, try to eat vegetables and fruits, fresh fruit juice available, tomato juice and vitamin supplements. Add plenty of water and foods rich in potassium, because the body can cause diarrhea, dehydration, drink 3 to 4 than normal glasses. To add more foods rich in potassium such as bananas, potatoes, fish and meat. Some foods help to stop diarrhea, such as white rice, boiled white pasta, white bread. If you have gas, food not to eat the beans.
When there are ways to eat rice
When the patient could not eat, experts say you can cope, but to follow the principles, such as prepare a nutritious food on the side, so that when there is appetite for food; Eat small meals often; slowly, so make the stomach Bu Zhiyu too full; Do not drink too much before consumption of liquid such as water, drinks, eating a small amount of liquid to drink, drink some soup between the two meals; drink nutritious beverages such as milk, soy milk and yogurt; before going to bed at night you can eat food; in a relaxed environment, with friends or listening to favorite music consumption.
Mouth odor to change diet
If you feel the taste of bad meat, for chicken, duck, fish or eggs; try to increase the food's flavor, add some vegetables such as sausage, ham, bacon or onions, etc. to stimulate the appetite; sometimes spices can go In addition to smell, can be added in the food vinegar, lemon juice, but also eat sauerkraut, pickles; more tea, water, coffee, fruit or sugar; eat a strong smell of food such as fish, shrimps and prawns.
When nausea and vomiting should be eating more
Infection and drugs can cause vomiting, nausea, Lu Zhuren stressed not want to eat food. Eat or not eat will only make the situation worse. This time allows doctors to drug treatment of nausea and vomiting, oral half an hour before the meal; a small amount of low-fat foods can curb nausea and vomiting; try to eat dry foods such as bread dry, dry bread, biscuits, etc.; eat salty food, Do not eat sweets; drink broth; after a meal do not lie down immediately, preferably every hour, if you feel tired, half-sitting can be Bantang; after dinner you don want to loose, and try to breathe some fresh air; if a smell of food The smell of sick, that do not eat the food in a short time, while cooking, try not to allow patients to smell the smell of cooking; way smaller meals can be taken; not to eat spicy, high fat and food containing caffeine .
Mouth or throat pain with liquid-based
Oral and throat inflammation, and patients are common symptoms, inflammation can cause pain, some drugs can cause dry mouth, thus affecting consumption. Experts, the mouth or throat inflammation or swelling, then the first should eliminate inflammation; do not eat coarse, fibrous, requiring a lot of chew hard food; eat soft food, vegetables and meat should be cut very thin; such as pap can not swallow, then eat half of liquid, such as mushrooms, potato soup, eggs, corn soup, bananas, porridge, baby food is also a good choice; avoid eating too much acid or salty foods, orange juice, grape juice, tomato juice Do not drink acidic fruit juices, will stimulate the mouth; do not eat spicy food; eat warm food, do not eat too hot food; popsicles, ice cream and frozen foods like eating can reduce the pain and swallowing, you can try Popsicle food that can be made after the chilled food; with a straw, drink half a cup or liquid directly over the mouth with a spoon to eat fewer opportunities to stimulate. Some drugs can cause dry mouth side effects, you can drink some light fruit juice (such as apple, peach juice); eat more sour candy, so that secrete saliva mouth moist; necessary, doctors prescribe artificial saliva.
AIDS patients should pay attention to nutrition
And patients infected with HIV during drug treatment should also be positive for nutritional support. The main purpose of nutritional support is to promote the synthesis of protein for the recovery of immune function to provide the necessary nutrition, energy storage, to maintain the body organ function. In a sense, to improve nutritional support in patients with AIDS and the quality of life plays a secondary role in drug therapy.
High protein and high calorie diet is usually based, and patients infected with HIV will occur due to physical changes in the protein consumption increased, decreased intestinal absorption, weight loss and so on. In addition, patients taking the drugs also affect hematopoiesis. For these characteristics, patients and infected persons should be based on high protein diets and high calorie foods, and follow the "multiple, small, balanced" diet principles.
Good high-protein foods: fish and shrimp, such as marine fish, shrimp, squid, shellfish, crabs, etc.; poultry such as chicken, pigeon, rabbit; milk and dairy products, such as high-quality cheese; eggs, such as eggs, duck eggs; beans, such as tofu, soy milk or other soy products; other meat. High-protein diet will increase the burden on the kidneys, if the body does not, please get in touch with doctors and dietitians to make appropriate adjustments to diet.
Note added vitamins and minerals should eat more fresh fruits and vegetables, especially rich in carotene (such as spinach, kale, sweet potato, pumpkin, carrots), vitamin C (such as green peppers, oranges, broccoli, spinach), vitamin E (such as hazelnuts, pine nuts, pistachios, almonds) and zinc (such as oysters, shellfish, cereals) and foods. Should be minimal to eat high-fat foods, eat less sweets.
Has a special role in the food present, no definitive evidence that food can prevent or reduce HIV infection, but some foods can enhance the patient's immune system and reduce complications.
Scientists in the experiments, the vitamin C and glutathione can inhibit HIV, the virus inhibition of glutathione which was 90%, while the infection was relatively low glutathione in vivo, suggesting that glutathione peptides may help to inhibit viral replication. Glutathione present in many foods, including asparagus and watermelon in the high content of fresh grapes, oranges, strawberries, peaches, pumpkin, broccoli also contain glutathione. It should be noted that canned and processed foods in the glutathione content of the fresh food only 1 / 8. In addition, If the food heating, grinding, or juice, will lose some of glutathione.
Mushrooms may also enhance immune function. Japan's test results show that mushrooms have a certain anti-HIV effect.
Attention to food hygiene and HIV infection because the immune function of patients with poor, usually should pay particular attention to food hygiene. Do not eat unclean food raw or half-baked, Always wash hands before eating, pay attention to the environmental health meals. In the event of diarrhea, should drink beverages, such as water and fruit juice contain citric acid, to supplement the water, do not drink caffeinated beverages (such as coffee, cola) and dairy drinks. Before recovery in the diarrhea, do not eat fried foods and fresh fruit.
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