高二英语下学期部分语法知识精析
动词短语是指动词和介词、副词或名词的习惯搭配。有关动词短语的测试点主要涉及搭配词的选用和不同搭配含意上的辨异。需掌握以下要点:
1. 根据动词短语的不同特点,掌握其运用规律。
(1) 动词+副词(不及物)
Harry turned up after the party when everyone had left. 晚会后,人们都已离去,哈里出现了。
(2) 动词+副词(及物)
Please turn every light in the house off. 请把房子里的每一盏灯都关掉。
注意:①如果宾语较长,应避免把副词同动词分开。例如:She turned off all the lights which had been left on. 她关掉了所有还亮着的灯。
②如果宾语是人称代词,只能放在动词和副词之间。例如:She gave them away. 她送掉了它们。
(3) 动词+介词(及物)
I’m looking for my glasses. 我在找我的眼镜。
注意:①其后跟宾语时,必须把宾语放在介词后面,人称代词也不例外。
②动词短语可以放在句子或从句末尾。例如:She’s got more work than she can cope with. 她的工作多得使她应付不了。
(4) 动词+副词+介词
I look forward to seeing you soon. 我盼望不久就见到你。
注意:“动词+介词”、“动词+名词+副词”、“动词+副词+介词”,这三种搭配都是及物的,如变成被动语态,不可漏掉介词。
例如:In this way both grain and vegetable can be well looked after.(不能漏掉after) 这样一来,粮食和蔬菜都能兼顾了。
2. 熟悉同一动词和不同介词或副词、不同动词和同一介词或同一副词搭配在意义上的差异。
(1) 同一动词和不同介词搭配。例如:
①hear from收到……的来信 hear of听说
②look after照料 look at看 look for寻找
(2) 同一动词和不同副词搭配。例如:
①ring back回电话 ring off挂断电话 ring up打电话
②put away放好 put on穿,上演 put up挂起,举起
(3) 不同动词和同一介词搭配。例如:
look for寻找 call for去取(某物),去接(某人) ask for请求 wait for等候 send for派人去叫
(4) 不同动词和同一副词搭配时,意义上的差异。例如:
①break out发生,爆炸 carry out进行,开展 go out熄灭 hand out分发 let out放出 look out当心 sell out卖完 set out出发 take out取出 work out算出
②break down出毛病 come down落下来 get down下车 take down取下 write down写下
英语否定概念的表达形式一般借助否定词或含否定意义的句型。总结如下表:
在think,suppose,imagine,believe,expect,guess等动词所接的宾语从句中,谓语动词的否定应前移到这些动词前。但hope不属于该用法之列。例如:
I don’t think you are right. 我认为你错了。
not常放在上述动词及be afraid之后代替一个有否定含义的从句。例如:
问:Is it going to rain?
肯定回答:I suppose so.
否定回答:I suppose not. 或I don’t suppose so.
对于hope和be afraid,否定回答只能说I hope not. 和I’m afraid not.
省略的目的是为了避免重复,使语言精练。大体上来说,被省略的部分是上文已出现过的词语。有些被省略的部分,虽非上文出现的内容, 但是在意义上是不言自明的。
1.简单句中的省略
1) 省略主语。例如:Get up. (省略了主语you,祈使句中的主语通常被省略)
2) 省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分。例如:
No smoking. (省略了主谓语There is)
Have a cup of tea? (省略了主语及谓语的助动词部分will you)
3) 省略宾语。例如:
—Do you know Mr. Smith?
—I don’t know. (省略了宾语him)
4) 省略表语。例如:
—Are you hungry?
—Yes, I am. (省略了表语hungry)
5) 同时省略几个成分。例如:
—Are you feeling better now?
—Much better. (省略了I am feeling...now)
6) 其他省略结构。例如:
(1) 名词所有格所修饰的名词,表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时,常常可以省略。例如:
We spent the weekend at the Smith’s.
(2) what和how引导的感叹句中,常可省略主语it和be动词。例如:
What a wonderful victory (it is) for her!
(3) 不定式省略,单独使用不定式符号to:
①代替动词不定式后被省略的动词,常在be afraid,expect,forget,hope,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,refuse,seem,try,want,wish等后边。例如:
I asked him to see the film, but he didn’t want to.
②在have,need,ought,be going,used等后。例如:
I didn’t want to go there, but I had to.
③在某些形容词glad,happy,pleased,delighted等后。例如:
—Will you join us?
—I should love to.
注意:如不定式中有be, have, have been, 则常保留be, have, have been。例如:
—Are you a sailor?
—No, but I used to be.
—He hasn’t finished yet.
—Well, he ought to have.
但是,当前面句子中出现的是复合助动词时,在省略句中只需保留一个。例如:
—You wouldn’t have won if I hadn’t helped you.
—I would, I think.
当后一个句子中的助动词不同于前句的助动词时,则应重复。例如:
—I think Mary should be told.
—She has been
当be和have作实义动词时,其后的有关成分可以省去。例如:
—I am tired.
—I am, too.
而其他动词则不可以这样。例如:
—Do you like the play?
不可以说:Yes, I like. 而应该说:Yes, I like it / I do.
2. 并列句中的省略
如果后一个句中含有与前面一个句子相同的部分(主语、谓语、宾语或表语),我们通常将此予以省略。例如:
He sang and (he) played the guitar. (省略主语)
John washed (his own shirt) and ironed his own shirt. (省略宾语)
I haven’t read this book yet but I will (read it) later.(省略谓语)
Peter has recently become(a hard-working students), and his brother always was, a hard-working students. (省略表语)
但如果be, have和do在前一个句中作主要动词,而在后一个分句中用作助动词,这时后一个分句中的助动词不可以省去。例如:
Jane has a good memory and has recited all the poems we taught her last night.
3. 主从句中的省略
1) 定语从句中作宾语的关系代词that, which, whom常可以省略;当先行词是time, reason, place时,作状语的关系副词when, why, where也可省去。例如:
This is the first time (when) he had trouble with the boss.
2) 宾语从句中的省略
在以疑问代词和疑问副词引导的宾语从句中,如该宾语从句涉及的是上下文所谈的内容,有时可以省去宾语从句中除疑问词以外的部分,而意思不受影响。例如:
The doctor believed something was wrong with Mike’s chest and he was trying to find out what (was wrong with Mike’s chest).
3) 一般状语从句中的省略
(1) 如果状语从句中的主语与主句的主语相同,而谓语又含有动词be(包括连系动词和助动词),这时可以把从句的主语和be动词一同省去。例如:
While (I was) walking along the street, I heard my name called.
Though(he was) tired, the little girl kept on studying.
(2) 当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时,也有这样的省略。例如:
Her father told her to be careful when crossing the street.
(3) 用so或not代替上文内容,用if so/not的省略句式。例如:
Get up early tomorrow. If not, you will miss the first bus.
4) 比较状语从句中的省略
(1) 如从句中含有与主句相同的成分,通常仅保留参与比较的部分(即比较的另一方),省略其他成分。例如:
We are more confident than(we have) ever
(been).
(2) 如从句中含有先行主语it时,通常省略it和其指代部分(名词性从句或不定式)。例如:
He spent more money than(it) was intended (that he should spend).
(3) 比较状语从句中的宾语一般情况下不可省略。例如:
James enjoyed the movie more than Susan enjoyed it. (不能省略it)
但是,当谓语动词为动词替代词do时,宾语可以省略。例如:
He speaks English as well as his teacher does.
强调是对一定语境下的部分内容进行突出的一种修辞手法。有些是语法上的需要,同时也对信息起到强调作用。强调句的常见用法如下:
1. 用强调句型“It is(was)+被强调的部分+that(who)+原句其他部分”来强调说话人的意愿。
对主语进行强调:It was I that/who didn’t realize all my mistakes until you told me yesterday.
对宾语进行强调:It was all my mistakes that I didn’t realize until you told me yesterday.
对状语进行强调:It was not until you told me yesterday that I realized all my mistakes.
2. 用助动词“do/does/did+动词原形”来表示强调。例如:
He does know the place well. 他的确很熟悉这个地方。
Do write to me when you get there. 你到那儿后务必给我来信。
3. 用形容词very, only, single, such等修饰名词或形容词来加强语气。例如:
That’s the very textbook we used last term. 这正是我们上学期用过的教材。
Not a single person has been in the shop this morning. 今天上午这个商店里连一个人都没有。
How dare you buy such expensive jewels?你怎么敢买这么贵的宝石呢?
4.用ever,never,very,just等副词和badly,highly,really等带有-ly的副词来进行强调。例如:
Why ever did you do so? 你究竟为什么要这么做?
This is just what I wanted. 这正是我所要的。
He was badly wounded. 他伤得很严重。
I really don’t know what to do next.我的确不知道下一步该怎么做。
5.用in the world,on earth,at all等介词短语可以表达更强的语气(常用于疑问句)。例如:
Where in the world could he be? 他到底会在哪儿?
What on earth is it?它究竟是什么?
Do you know at all?你到底知不知道?
6. 用感叹句来表示强烈的感情。例如:
How interesting a story it is!这是一个多么有趣的故事啊!
What a beautiful day! 多好的天气啊! 7. 用倒装句将要强调的部分置于句首来加强语气。例如:
On the table were some flowers. 桌上摆着一些花。
Many a time have I climbed that hill. 我多次翻过那座山。
Only in this way can we solve this problem. 只有这样,我们才能解决这个问题。
8. 用if来表示强调:
1) if从句+I don’t know who/what,etc. does/is/has,etc.;主句部分也可以用nobody does/is/has,etc.或everybody does/is/has,etc.来代替。这里的if从句往往是正话反说,反话正说。例如:
If he can’t do it, I don’t know who can. 要是他做不了这件事,我不知道还有谁能做。(强调只有他能做)
If Jim is a coward, everybody is. 要是吉姆是个胆小鬼,那么人人都是胆小鬼。(强调吉姆不是胆小鬼)
2) if从句+it be主句(把所要强调的内容放在it be的后面,把其他内容放在由if引导的从句中)。例如:
If anyone knew the truth, it was Tom.如果说谁了解事实的真相,那便是汤姆。
If there is one thing he loves, it is money. 如果说世界上还有他爱的东西,那便是金钱。
1. In some western countries, demand of graduates from MBA courses has .
A. turned down B. turned over
C. fallen down D. fallen over
2. To keep healthy, Professor Johnson
cycling as a regular form of exercise after he retired.
A. took up B. caught on
C. carried out D. made for
3. It’s ten years since the scientiston his life’s work of discovering the valuable chemical.
A. made for B. set out
C. took off D. turned up
4. We all think you speak English as fluently as .
A. speaks a native speaker
B. a native speaker does
C. will a native speaker
D. a native speaker is
5. —You should have thanked her before you left.
—I meant ________, but when I was leaving I couldn’t find her anywhere.
A. to do B. to
C. doing D. doing so
6. You are putting on weight. Why _______ your milk without sugar?
A. not having B. not have
C. you not have D. you not to have
7.about wild plants that they decided to make a trip to Madagascar for further research.
A. So curious the couple was
B. So curious were the couple
C. How curious the couple were
D. The couple was such curious
8. Not until the early years of the 19th century _______ what heat is.
A. man did know B. man knew
C. didn’t man know D. did man know
9. In history of China sometimes little _______ about the economic development.
A. the government cares
B. does the government care
C. doesn’t the government care
D. the government doesn’t care
10. Autumn coming, down _______.
A. do the leaves fall
B. the leaves will fall
C. fall the leaves
D. the leaves have fallen
11. —_______that he managed to get the information?
—Oh, a friend of his helped him.
A. Where was it B. What was it
C. How was it D. Why was it
12. It was said that not until the old man had passed away _______ to his relatives.
A. she let out the secret
B. was the secret let out
C. out she let the secret
D. out let the secret
13. New ideas some times have to wait for years before ________.
A. being fully accepted
B. fully accepted
C. fully accepting
D. fully being accepting