12月3日，由联合国儿童基金会、中央民族大学西部发展研究中心、凉山彝族妇女儿童发展中心联合举办的少数民族少年儿童与艾滋病高级研讨会在北京举行。来自国内外的近百位机构代表、政府官员、学者及相关人员与会。会议就少数民族校外青少年的艾滋病易感性和保护性因素、少数民族地区因毒品和艾滋病致孤儿童的生存状况及其救助模式两个议题展开了深入讨论，旨在呼吁全社会关注并敦促政府和国际组织采取行动，保护受毒品、艾滋病影响的少数民族少年儿童。
加强对少数民族校外青少年的保护，减少高危行为的产生
2005年7月，在中国-联合国儿童基金会艾滋病预防与关怀合作项目的支持下，中央民族大学西部发展研究中心承担了“西部五省区各民族校外青少年高危行为与艾滋病易感性研究”课题，完成了对云南、新疆维吾尔自治区、广西壮族自治区、贵州和四川5个省区共20个点的实地调查。会议期间，课题组成员向与会者介绍了这些地区校外青少年的基本情况及其与艾滋病的关系，并就少数民族校外青少年的艾滋病易感性和保护性因素进行了较为深入的分析。
5省区调查结果显示，这些地区的校外青少年普遍存在高危行为，缺乏保护性、防范性措施。他们较早进入社会，缺乏家庭和学校的管制，是一个相对自由而又极易出轨的群体。在父母与学校的忽视中，青少年特有的好奇、叛逆和渴望归属感的心理，使其极易在各种引诱下误入歧途。许多青少年好奇心强，虚荣心重，对毒品的成瘾性和精神损害性认识不足，甚至将吸毒视为时尚的行为；他们在社会交往中具有帮派性，崇尚江湖义气，多在同伴的怂恿下吸毒，并且共用针具；他们性观念开放，性行为低龄化，多性伴特征突出，不知道用安全套来预防疾病，甚至把性行为中使用安全套视为对朋友不信任的标志。在艾滋病蔓延的地区，校外青少年的这些高危行为极易使其成为艾滋病的受害者。
在实地调查时，各位课题组成员切实体会到，校外青少年艾滋病易感性存在着深刻的社会原因。首先，目前社会上存在的一些不良风气对校外青少年人格的形成产生了极为不利的影响，传统的勤劳、朴素的观念为冒险、追求感官刺激和享乐主义所代替。其次，家庭因素在导致青少年高危行为中占有重要地位。接触毒品的校外青少年大都有不完整和不幸福的家庭，家庭变故对其人生发展有重要影响。其三，教育的缺失。校外青少年受教育程度较低，其失（辍）学主要原因是青少年存在厌学情绪和家庭经济困难，一些学校不负责任的把所谓的“差生”推向社会，造成这些处于青春期、充满逆反心理又不够成熟的青少年不仅有多种涉及高危行为的机会，甚至还会为社会上的恶势力所利用。此外，传统生计方式和族群文化认同中的“分享”观念在吸毒行为和艾滋病传播过程中也有很大影响。
保护校外青少年免受艾滋病毒侵害是地区发展、民族发展的迫切要求。因此，项目组成员呼吁政府高度重视保护校外青少年免受艾滋病毒侵害工作，落实“四免一关怀”政策，充分调动有关部门、学校和社会力量，改善和丰富宣传的手段和方法，利用少数民族的语言文化，普及相关知识。真正落实九年义务教育，保证每个青少年都完成中学教育，培养他们在现代社会，特别是城市谋生的技能。
整合社会资源，发挥非政府组织的作用，推进艾滋病预防和关怀本土化
在我国西部地区特别是少数民族地区，受毒品和艾滋病影响儿童的问题尚未引起足够重视。在毒品泛滥和艾滋病流行的村寨，出现了许多孤儿和无人照料的孩子。这些儿童中包括因共用针具吸毒或母婴传播感染艾滋病的儿童，他们缺乏自我保护能力，健康状况堪忧；父母死于吸毒感染艾滋病等相关疾病的致孤儿童，一般由祖父母隔代收养，这些年迈的老人无法为孩子提供健康成长的物质保障，更无力供养孩子上学，这样的家庭陷入了极度贫困；父母健在的艾滋病和吸毒家庭的儿童，其父母已经或即将丧失劳动能力，家庭面临着解体的危险；被迫卷入毒品行为的儿童，他们没有稳定的生活，缺乏必要的教育，遭到主流社会的歧视与排斥，很容易走向极端。
自2004年以来，中央民族大学西部发展研究中心针对少数民族因毒品和艾滋病致孤儿童进行了专项调查。2005年，在中-美商会的支持下，该中心实施了“四川凉山彝族乡村受毒品和艾滋病影响儿童救助示范项目”，成立了一个非政府组织——凉山彝族妇女儿童发展中心（以下简称发展中心）负责项目的实施工作，探索儿童救助的模式。此项目基于当地彝族社会文化特点，借助参与式扶贫的模式，以乡村文化建设为目标，通过对困难儿童家庭开展生产、生活知识和技能的培养，提高当地社群的自我救助和自我发展能力。项目实施近1年的时间里，发展中心先后建立起两个工作站、一个手工生产合作社、一个乡村儿童原创艺术团、一个爱心班和一个艾滋病宣传教育活动室，目前已有97名孤儿、200多户孤儿抚养家庭接受了学习、生活、生产、医疗等方式的救助。
发展中心作为一个彝族人自己发起成立的民间非营利性组织，强调“挖掘彝族社会自我发展内在活力”，着眼于解决自身的社会问题，服务彝族乡村民众，在当地社区具有很强的亲和力和适应性。他们试图采用不同的运作方式，深入基层，依靠社区组织和当地志愿者，建立提供公共服务和社会保障的乡村工作网络。为政府分忧，为群众解难。他们的最终目标是探索一种创新的乡村发展模式。
近年来，艾滋病在我国民族地区蔓延很快，越来越多的少年儿童成为受害者。事实证明，艾滋病是经济社会问题而不是简单的医学问题，动员社会各种力量，针对目标人群开展防治宣传和行为干预，遏制艾滋病的蔓延已经成为当务之急。中央民族大学教授侯远高指出，解决这一问题的根本办法是为弱势群体赋权和改变少数民族文化的边缘地位。而发展中心推行的艾滋病防治与生产自救的本土化模式，恰恰是侯远高教授这一理念的实践，它不仅是毒品伤害控制和艾滋病预防关怀的新思路，也是人文社会科学应用研究的新探索。
会议期间，来自欧洲新闻图片社的摄影记者雷宇（Michael Reynolds）展示了题为“镜头中的艾滋病致孤儿童”的图片。看着镜头中无助的艾滋病致孤儿童，雷宇心痛地说：“可以说，这些孩子是没有未来的。”而发展中心的工作人员张波则表示：“也许这些孩子现在没有未来，但是只要社会关注他们，给予他们实实在在的帮助，他们就有希望。”诚如张波所言，拯救民族地区生活在艾滋病阴影下的少年儿童，需要全社会的努力。惟有如此，他们才能获得生的希望；惟有如此，我们才能在与世纪瘟疫的较量中取得最终胜利。
中国民族报记者 牛锐
HIV buds from the early release - from the Senior Seminar minority children reported with AIDS
Yi people help themselves updated on December 20, 2010 China National News, Rui Niu
December 3, from UNICEF, the Central University for Nationalities West Development Research Center, Liangshan Yi Women and Child Development Center jointly hosted high-level seminar minority children and AIDS held in Beijing. From home and abroad, nearly a hundred representatives, government officials, academics and relevant personnel to attend. Conference on AIDS in minority school youth susceptibility and protective factors, ethnic minority areas have drugs and survival of children orphaned by AIDS and its rescue mode to start in-depth discussion of two topics to appeal to the whole social concern and urges the Government and international organizations to take action to protect affected by drugs, AIDS-affected minority children.
Strengthen the protection of minority school children and reduce the production of high-risk behavior
July 2005, in China - UNICEF's AIDS prevention and care cooperation projects with the support of the Central West Development Research Center of National University of commitment to the "five provinces west of the national school youth risk behavior and AIDS susceptibility" issues , completed in Yunnan, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guizhou and Sichuan provinces a total of 5 field survey of 20 points. During the meeting, group members introduced the participants to the basic school children in these areas and its relationship with HIV and AIDS to minority school youth protective factors of susceptibility and a more in-depth analysis.
5 provinces in the survey, these areas of common school youth risk behavior, lack of protective and preventive measures. Their early entry into society, the lack of control of the family and school, is a relative freedom and easily derailed the group. Neglect of their parents and schools, the adolescent curiosity, rebellion and desire for the psychological sense of belonging, so easily lured astray in all. Many young people curious, vanity weight, drug addiction and mental damage of the lack of knowledge, and even the behavior of the drug as a fashion; they have a gang of social interaction, respect for fraternal loyalty, encourage more in the companion The following drugs and shared needles; their open sexual attitudes, sexual behavior of a younger age, multiple sexual partners, prominent features, do not know to use condoms to prevent disease, and even the use of condoms to sex as a sign of mistrust of friends. The spread of AIDS in areas outside of these high-risk behavior of young people makes it easy to AIDS victims.
Investigation in the field, you truly appreciate the group members, school youth susceptibility to AIDS, profound social causes. First of all, there is currently some of the adverse social atmosphere of the school children had a great personality to form a negative impact, a traditional hard-working, simple concept for the adventure, the pursuit of sensory stimulation and hedonism replaced. Second, family factors leading to youth risk behavior plays an important role. Contact with drugs have incomplete school youth and not big happy family, family tragedies have a major impact on its development life. Third, the lack of education. School youth less educated, the loss (dropped out) mainly due to the young people learn there weary and family financial difficulties, some schools irresponsible so-called "poor health" to the community, resulting in these adolescents, full of rebellious teenagers are still not mature is not only a variety of opportunities for high-risk behaviors related to, or even to the use of evil in society. In addition, traditional means of livelihood and cultural identity in the group "share" the concept of behavior and HIV transmission in drug users also have a great impact on the process.
Protection of school children from HIV against the regional development, the urgent requirements of national development. Therefore, the project team members called on the government attaches great importance to protect the school against the work of young people from HIV, implement the "Four Frees and One Care" policy, and fully mobilize the relevant departments, schools and social forces, to improve and enrich the means and methods of propaganda, the use of a small number of national language and culture, universal knowledge. The real implementation of compulsory education, ensure that each young people have completed secondary education and train them in modern society, especially in urban living skills.
Integrate social resources, to play the role of non-governmental organizations to promote AIDS prevention and care Localization
In China's western region, particularly the ethnic minority areas, children affected by drug problems and AIDS have not yet attracted sufficient attention. The spread of drugs and the AIDS epidemic in the villages, there were many orphans and unaccompanied children. These children, including drug use by sharing needles or mother to child transmission of HIV infection of children, they lack the ability to protect themselves, worrying state of health; parents died of AIDS related drugs of children orphaned by the disease, generally adopted by the grandparents and grandparents, these old person can not provide children with healthy growth of material security, but also unable to support their children to school, so families into extreme poverty; parents, AIDS and drug abuse families surviving children, their parents have been or will soon lose the ability to work, faced with the disintegration of the family danger; forced into drug behavior of children, they do not have a stable life, lack the necessary education, has been the mainstream of social discrimination and exclusion, it is easy to go to the extreme.
Since 2004, Central University of Western Development Research Center for drug and AIDS for the minority of children orphaned by a special investigation. In 2005, the - with the support of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, the Centre implemented the "Sichuan Liangshan Yi People affected by drugs and AIDS, Save the Children Demonstration Project", established a non-governmental organizations - Liangshan Yi Women and Child Development Center (hereinafter referred to as the development of Center) is responsible for the implementation of the project to explore the pattern of Save the Children. This project is based on social and cultural characteristics of the local Yi people, with the model of participatory poverty alleviation, rural cultural construction as the goal, carried out by families of children with difficulties in production, knowledge and life skills training, improve the local community self-help and self-development. Nearly 1-year project implementation period, the development center has set up two workstations, a manual production cooperatives, a rural children's original art troupe, a love and an AIDS education class activity room, there are 97 orphans, 200 families received household orphans learn, live, production, medical and other forms of assistance.
Development Centre as the Yi people themselves initiated the establishment of a non-governmental non-profit organization, stressed that "the development of mining the inherent vitality of social self-Yi", focus on solving their social problems, services, Yi rural people, in the local community has a strong affinity and adaptation sex. They tried a different mode of operation, the grass roots, relying on community organizations and local volunteers, set up to provide public services and social security of the rural work network. The government share those concerns, problem-solving for the masses. Their ultimate goal is to explore an innovative rural development model.
In recent years, AIDS is spreading rapidly in our nation, more and more children become the victims. Facts have proved that AIDS is the economic and social problems rather than simple medical problems, mobilize all social forces to carry out prevention and control information for the target population and behavioral intervention to curb the spread of AIDS has become a top priority. Professor, Central University of Nationalities Hou far higher that the fundamental way to solve this problem is to empower vulnerable groups and marginalized minority culture change. And Development Centre for AIDS prevention and the implementation of the localization of production of self-help mode, it is the Professor Hou Yuangao the concept of practice, it is not only drug control and AIDS prevention, care of injuries of new ideas, Humanities and Social Sciences Research is a new exploration .
During the meeting, from the European Press Photo Agency photographer Lei Yu (Michael Reynolds) show entitled "the lens of children orphaned by AIDS," the picture. Looked at the lens does not help children orphaned by AIDS, Lei Yu heartache, said: "We can say that these children have no future." Developed Bo staff of the Centre, said: "Maybe these kids do not have the future, but as long as society watch them, give them real help, they have hope. "As Bo said, save the nation living in the area of children under the shadow of AIDS, the efforts of the whole society. Only in this way, they hope to get students; only way we can compete with the century plague to obtain the final victory.
