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一个志愿者眼中的中国性教育:在误解和理解的边缘
2010年08月05日 08:48 来源：科技日报
对于性和艾滋病这样的话题在中国，很多外国人常常以为像谜一样。
“在他们看来，中国比较落后，政府对这类事情的态度应该会比较暧昧。”张尹霰拿出相关的数据，并介绍政府为了控制艾滋病的传播所做的种种努力。“他们听了之后，通常都会说，oh， a great development!(噢，伟大的进步)”
这个中国人民大学三年级的学生，因为几年来对“中国青少年性与生殖健康教育与服务现状”的研究，几天前，受邀站在了第18届世界艾滋病大会的讲台上。
“外国人最感兴趣的，还是中国艾滋病的感染情况和政府采取的措施。”7月27日，刚从维也纳归来的张尹霰说。
“这里不分国籍、种族、性别和性取向”
在维也纳，张尹霰见过好几次抗议游行，遇到过在僧侣之间进行同伴教育的东南亚老人，还和刚做了一期变性手术的“女孩”进行互动……
大会给很多组织在一个叫做“地球村”的地方安排了展台。中国青年网络也有自己的展台，这是一个由中国计划生育协会和联合国人口基金的支持成立的青年志愿者组织。
本次赴会的4个青年人在这里向大家发放资料，介绍中国的相关情况，并售卖些有中国特色的小礼品。他们以自己的方式传达中国青年在这个领域的声音。
“在这里，你可以见到像克林顿、比尔·盖茨这样的社会名流，你也可以见到各大组织的领导，你还可以和濮存昕、彭丽媛这样热心艾滋病防治的人交谈合影；同时，你也会见到性工作者，吸毒者，变性者……各种在你日常生活中可能很少有机会接触的人。”张尹霰说。
张尹霰觉得此行最深刻的感触，是多元思想的碰撞交流，不分国籍、种族、肤色、性别和性取向，大家共聚一堂，讨论彼此关注的话题。
“你们怎么能做这种事情呢？”
2009年，张尹霰以“当代大学生性与生殖健康”为主题，设计并执行了大学生调查项目，该项目在北京市抽取10所高校共计1200余份样本进行调查，并获得大学生创新实验计划国家级立项，目前这一项目已经进行到了最后的数据分析和论文撰写阶段。
这是一次不可能顺利的调查，因为问卷打开，满目皆是“敏感词”，在中国保守的文化传统下，这样的调查显得“离经叛道”。即使是在外界看来思想开放的大学生，也并不能完全理解张尹霰团队的行为。
在中国人民大学进行试调查的时候，就有学生对张尹霰说：“你们怎么做这种事情呢？你们的问题也太露骨了吧！”并好心地提醒她：“这种项目肯定通不过审核。”
为了提高问卷应答率，他们对很多敏感问题采取了技术处理。比如在问卷上加印“隐私保护政策”，承诺信息不会泄露丝毫；在受访者填写调查问卷时，调查人员将会回避；受访者答完问卷后直接将问卷塞入牛皮纸袋……“最终我们控制了调查的拒答率，并调查到了1200个样本。”
其实，类似的尴尬一直都有。在2008年12月1日“艾滋病日”当天，张尹霰作为学校青年志愿者协会的志愿者，与其他志愿者在校园内发放安全套。安全套被包裹在一个印有红丝带的小册子内。“有的女生一打开册子的硬壳，‘啊’的尖叫一声，‘啪’地把东西扔到地上就跑了。”
“不是缺教育，而是缺方法”
三年来，张尹霰的大学生活都与“青少年性与生殖健康”相关，对于这一领域，她有自己的看法。
“我们并不缺乏相关的教育和服务，但是这样的教育和服务是存在问题的。”张尹霰说，现在很少有人知道“青少年友好服务”，知道“同伴教育”，虽然类似的组织一直存在，类似的活动每年都在举办，但是普及率堪忧。“我们可以把原因归结为宣传力度不够，但也有一部分原因是，教的东西大家就是不感兴趣。你想听到‘A’，但是别人就是给你‘B’。”
虽然中国的性教育已不复当年的“闭塞”，现在从小学一年级开始就设有相关课程，但是成效似乎并不显著。在张尹霰于世界艾滋病大会上发表的演讲中，她将原因归结为“文化、宣传、政策和态度”。
“中国的文化相对保守，很多事情陷入‘许做不许说’的境地；性教育的宣传力度也不太够；同时，中国没有任何法律明确规定必须要向未婚青少年提供性与生殖健康服务。”而最重要的是“态度”，张尹霰体会颇深：“我们调查后发现，中国青少年总以为他们可以从网上学到一切。绕过传统的教育模式，习惯在网络上攫取相关知识。”
“但很多都是残缺不全甚至是不准确的。”张尹霰举例说，在她主持的当代大学生性与生殖健康的调查中，很多大学生对自己相关知识的评价打出了“8”“9”这样的高分，然而在实际的知识测试中，他们的平均得分只有“3”或者“4”。
“我们以为我们都懂了，其实我们很多都不懂，这才是最可怕的。”所以，张尹霰团队在调查的结尾，会给受访者发放一些他们自己制作的“小贴士”，普及性生殖健康知识，同时倡导正确的态度。
“平等的态度需要培养”
“从最开始误打误撞进入这个领域，到现在一直在这个领域做活动，这算是一种‘惯性’，或者是，从一种偶然的缘分变成了某种注定的生活，于是确定，就是它啦。”对于为何一直关注这件事，张尹霰这样解释。
三年来，张尹霰接触过艾滋病病毒携带者、意外怀孕的少女、同性恋……在各类活动中，她扮演着不同的角色，但她一直把互相沟通和理解放在第一位。
在她初入大学一无所知的时候，她被身边的那些同样热心青少年性与生殖健康的人影响着；当她稍微成长一些之后，又被自己接触到的各类人群影响着。张尹霰曾经和一名艾滋病患者交谈，在深入的谈话过后她才知道艾滋病患者并不需要所谓的“同情”，他们想要的是“平等对待”，那种“我”和“你”之间没有任何分别的平等对待。
“我们无需摆出一副强者的态度，流露出怜悯的眼光，心里想着这人太惨了，怎么得了这种病；其实我们和他们是一样的，就好像我现在和你交流，我们完全平等。”张尹霰说。
领悟到了这些的张尹霰，很愿意通过自己的力量去影响别人，她会在不经意间向自己的同学朋友普及知识，并试着在潜移默化当中改变他们的态度。“所以青年可以发挥非常大的作用，他们可以用自己的良好态度和充足的知识去影响其他人，形成良性循环。”
“知识是可以搜索到的，但是态度必须要自己培养，”张尹霰认为，在对待性与生殖健康这样的问题上，当代青年应当有“理解、接纳、关怀”的态度，并懂得“争取自己的权利”。
当然，通过这次艾滋病大会，张尹霰也发现仅仅发动青年的努力还不够。会议期间，很多组织向中国青年网络表明了合作意向，愿意与他们一起开展青少年性与生殖健康的相关项目。张尹霰认为，凝聚大家的力量，用不同的视角进行互补，无论是对个人的发展，还是组织的发展，都是大有助益的。“艾滋病的防治是全人类的问题，需要通力合作。”
“我们不应讳言‘性’，也不应歧视少数群体，”她说，“我们应该明白，任何人都有权利过上健康幸福和高质量的生活”。
(实习生张盖伦) (本报北京8月3日电)
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A volunteer in the eyes of the Chinese education: the edge of the misunderstanding and understanding
At 08:48 on the August 5, 2010 Source: Science and Technology Daily
And AIDS for this topic in China, many foreigners often thought the same as the mystery.
"In their view, China is relatively backward, the government's attitude to such things should be more ambiguous." Zhang Yin sleet to produce the relevant data, and on the Government to control the spread of AIDS, the efforts made. "After listening to them, they usually say, oh, a great development! (Oh, great progress)"
The Chinese People's University third-year students, because the past few years on "Chinese adolescent sexual and reproductive health education and services to the status quo" of the study, a few days ago, was invited to stand on the 18th World AIDS Conference in the podium.
"Foreigners are most interested in, or China's AIDS infection and the measures taken by the government." July 27, just returned from Vienna, said Zhang Yin graupel.
"Here, regardless of nationality, race, gender and sexual orientation"
In Vienna, Zhang Yin graupel seen several protest marches, monks encountered in peer education among the elderly in Southeast Asia, but also and just did a sex change operation the "girls" interactive ... ...
The General Assembly is called to many organizations in a "global village" of the local arrangements for the booth. China Youth Network also has its own booth, which is a China Family Planning Association and the United Nations Population Fund to support the establishment of a youth volunteer organization.
The young people attend the four people in here to release information about the relevant situation in China, and the sale of some small gifts with Chinese characteristics. Their own way to convey China's voices of youth in this area.
"Here, you can see, like Bill Clinton, celebrities such as Bill Gates, you see the leadership of major organizations, you can and Pu Cunxin, Peng Liyuan so eager to talk to people photo AIDS; the same time, you I could see sex workers, drug addicts, transgender people ... ... all in your daily life may have little opportunity to contact people. "Zhang Yin said graupel.
Zhang Yin sleet think most lasting impression of this trip is the exchange of diverse ideas of the collision, regardless of nationality, race, color, gender and sexual orientation, we come together to discuss topics of mutual concern.
"How do you do that?"
2009, Zhang Yin graupel Yi "Sexual and Reproductive Health of College Students" 为 theme, students designed and implemented research project, the project selected 10 Beijing Gao Xiao Yang Ben were a total of 1200 I conducted a survey and to get students Chuangxin experiment Jihuaguojia class project, this project has been carried out to present the final data analysis and thesis writing stage.
This is a not smooth Diaocha, Yin Wei questionnaire Dakai, everywhere all is "sensitive words", Zai Chinese Conservative's cultural tradition, Zhe Yang's investigation Xiande "deviant". Even in the outside world seems open-minded college students, it can not fully understand the behavior of Zhang Yin graupel team.
Renmin University of China in trial at the time of survey, one student sleet Zhang Yin, said: "how do you do that? Your problem too transparent it!" And kindly remind her: "This project certainly pass But audit. "
In order to improve the questionnaire response rate, they took on many sensitive issues, technical processing. For example, in the questionnaire printed "Privacy Policy", promised the information would not divulge the slightest; the respondents completing the questionnaire, the investigators will be avoided; respondents answered the questionnaire, the questionnaire directly after the brown paper bags stuffed ... ... "Ultimately, we controlled the rate of the survey declined to answer, and the investigation into the 1200 sample."
In fact, there has been a similar embarrassment. In the December 1, 2008 "AIDS Day" on that day, Zhang Yin graupel Young Volunteers Association as a school volunteer, and other volunteers to distribute condoms in schools. Condom wrapped in a red ribbon printed pamphlet. "Some girls open brochure for a hard shell, 'ah' and screamed, 'snapped' to the things thrown on the ground and ran away."
"Is not a lack of education, but the lack of methods"
Three years, Zhang Yin graupel university life are "adolescent sexual and reproductive health" related to the field, her own views.
"We do not lack the education and services, but education and services such that there are problems." Zhang Yin said sleet, and now few people know that "youth-friendly services", that "peer education", while similar organizations There have been similar events held every year, but the penetration rate of worrying. "We can not attribute the propaganda, but there are also part of the reason is that what we teach is not interested. You want to hear 'A', but someone is to give your 'B'."
Although China's education no longer then "block" and now from the beginning of first grade with related courses, but the results were not significant. Zhang Yin graupel in the World AIDS Conference in a speech, she attributed the "cultural, advocacy, policy and attitude."
"Chinese culture is relatively conservative, a lot of things into 'Xu do not talk' position; sex education and propaganda are not enough; the same time, China has no law specifically required to unmarried young people for sexual and reproductive health services. "The most important thing is" attitude ", Zhang Yin graupel deep experience:" Our investigation revealed that the Chinese 青少年 Zong Yi Wei they can learn everything from the Internet. bypass the traditional mode of education, used knowledge of the network to grab Xiangguan . "
"But many of them are incomplete or even inaccurate." Zhang Yin sleet, for example, she chaired by college students in sexual and reproductive health survey, many college students on their knowledge of evaluation labeled "8" "9" such a high score, but in practice the knowledge test, the average score of only "3" or "4."
"We thought we understood it, in fact, many of us did not know, this is the worst." Therefore, Zhang Yin graupel end of the investigation team, will release a number of respondents made their own "Tips "universal reproductive health knowledge, while advocating the right attitude.
"Necessary to develop the attitude of equality"
"From the beginning cock into this area until now has been done in this field activity, which can be considered a kind of 'inertia', or, from a chance to become a kind of doomed fate of life, was determined is its friends. "Why has been concerned for this, Zhang Yin graupel explained.
Three years, Zhang Yin graupel contact HIV infection, unwanted pregnancy girls, gay ... ... in various activities, she plays a different role, but she has to communicate with each other and understanding the first place.
She first joined the university in ignorance, she was equally enthusiastic about those around adolescent sexual and reproductive health of people affected; when some of her after a little growth, but also by their own exposure to all types of people affected. Zhang Yin sleet and an AIDS patient has been talk, in the depth of the conversation after she Cai AIDS Bingbu need to know the so-called the "compassion", they want are "equal Duidai", that "I" and "you" Zhi there is no difference between equal treatment.
"We do not put up a strong attitude, showing compassion eyes, thinking this person is too miserable, and how has the disease; In fact, we and they are the same, just like I am sharing with you, we complete equality. "Zhang Yin said graupel.
Realized that those of Zhang Yin graupel, are willing to adopt its own power to influence others, she will be inadvertently spread to their classmates and friends of knowledge, and try to nurture them to change their attitude. "So young people can play a very big role, they can use their good attitude and adequate knowledge to influence others to form a virtuous cycle."
"Knowledge can be searched, but the attitude must be their own culture," Zhang Yin graupel that sexual and reproductive health in the treatment of this issue, young people should be "understanding, acceptance and care" attitude, and know how to "fight for their rights. "
Of course, by the AIDS conference, Zhang Yin sleet also found that efforts to mobilize young people just are not enough. During the meeting, many organizations that the Chinese Youth Network on cooperation, willing to carry with them adolescent sexual and reproductive health related projects. Zhang Yin graupel that unite our strengths, with different perspectives to complement, both for personal development, or organizational development, is useful here. "AIDS prevention is a human issue, need to work together."
"We should not deny 'sex' should not be discrimination against minorities," she said, "We should understand that any person has the right to a healthy well-being and quality of life."
(Intern Zhang Galen) (Beijing, August 3 electric)
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