应对艾滋病的五大新疗法
本文包括：
- 1. 应对艾滋病的五大新疗法
- 2. 抗逆转录病毒药物
- 3. 基因疗法
- 4. Cyanovirin:一种新型灭活HIV蛋白
- 5. 生长激素疗法
- 6. 缩胺酸疗法
- 7. 了解更多信息
- 8. 阅读所有疾病类文章
艾滋病（AIDS）是由人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）引起的慢性感染疾病。现在世界上大约有3340万人携带有艾滋病病毒，仅在美国就有超过100万人携带该病毒，此外，还有另外50万人已经死于艾滋病。我国的感染人数已经达到74万人，其中包括105,000名艾滋病病人，在2007年，有39,000人死于该疾病。
目前，世界各国围绕艾滋病的预防与治疗开展了大量工作，比如美国在泰国所资助的艾滋病疫苗研究项目；南非开发出的阴道凝胶，据说可以有效阻止艾滋病病毒的复制，并且降低54%的感染风险。或许不久的将来，艾滋病真的能够被人类所控制。在本文，您将了解到五种预防艾滋病的最新疗法。
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医生正在为一位病人做艾滋病感染检测。
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抗逆转录病毒药物
服用药物防止被艾滋病病毒感染，这样的设想在科学家的努力下已经逐渐走向现实。日前发表在《新英格兰医学期刊》（New England Journal of Medicine）上的研究论文发现，HIV阴性同性恋和双性恋男性患者，通过服用一种抗逆转录病毒药物（Antiretroviral drugs），可以有效降低感染艾滋病病毒的风险。
艾滋病病毒即人体免疫缺损病毒，是一种可导致人体免疫系统不断退化的病毒。
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来自加利福尼亚大学旧金山分校和一个国际研究小组的工作人员，对来自世界各地的2499名男性受访者进行了调查，这些受访者在以往都有与其他男性发生过性行为的经历。一半的参与者被随机分配服用一种没有药物成分的安慰剂，而另一半则被分配得到一种外观相似，但是含有恩曲他滨（emtricitabine）和替诺福韦（tenofovir）等成分的抗逆转录病毒药物。
经过后续将近一年的跟踪调查，研究人员发现，共有100名男性受访者感染了艾滋病病毒，其中，有64位感染者服用的是安慰剂，而余下的36位则服用了真正的药物。数据显示，那些分配到抗逆转录病毒药物并且在90%以上的时间都能使用的受访者，他们的受保护率最高。
“这一结果代表了在艾滋病预防研究当中的重大进步”，来自亚特兰大疾病控制和预防中心的医生凯文•范顿（Kevin Fenton）表示：“这是我们首次证明，日常服用抗HIV药物对预防拥有高风险的男同性恋和双性恋人群感染HIV病毒具有效果。”
基因疗法
虽然服用抗逆转录病毒药物可以有效延长艾滋病患者的生命，但是它的负作用有时也会对人体造成伤害。最近一项发表在《自然医学》在线版的研究成果表明，或许某一天，终生接受抗逆转录病毒药物疗法将成为过去。
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全世界科学家和医生都在努力致力于艾滋病病毒的研究。
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这项新的研究由加州大学洛杉矶分校艾滋病研究所主持，研究人员认为基因疗法可以作为治疗艾滋病的安全手段。他们发现通过细胞移植进行基因导入是艾滋病患者接受治疗的关键，这种疗法可以在阻止艾滋病病毒“着陆”的情况下而不会对免疫系统造成损害。
这项研究总共有74名艾滋病感染者参与，每位参加者都被导入从自身提取的干细胞。这些干细胞或者是原生的，或者是经过处理而含有OZ1分子。OZ1通过准确锁定主要的HIV基因而阻止它的复制。经过100周的实验，接受OZ1的患者并没有什么不良反应。实验发现，在第8周之后，虽然OZ1组与安慰剂组在病毒载量方面并没有太大差异，但是OZ1组患者的HIV活力却得到了很好的抑制，并且CD4+淋巴细胞指数明显提高。
该校艾滋病临床医学和教育中心的Ronald Mitsuvasu教授称：“这是HIV基因疗法的首次随机对照研究。我们希望证明的是患者在接受了基因修改的细胞后，在停止高度活跃的抗逆转录病毒药物的条件下，他们体内艾滋病病毒的复制被抑制的情况。”
“通过与服用随机安慰剂参与者进行对照，我们发现那些成功进行基因治疗的患者收到了积极的预防效果” ，这项研究的合作者Thomas Merigan医生补充说：“这可能是我们开发治疗慢性传染疾病新疗法的第一步。”
Cyanovirin:一种新型灭活HIV蛋白
酸奶可以用于制造预防艾滋病的药物？听起来有些不可思议！事实上，根据最新的研究，通过对酸奶中某种细菌的结构进行修改，可以生产出一种有效预防HIV感染的药物。
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可以预防艾滋病病毒感染的疫苗哪一天才能出现呢？
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在自然状态下，乳酸乳球菌（Lactococcus lactis）可以生成乳酸，人们可以利用它们来制造奶酪和酸奶，这种细菌对人体并没有伤害。
美国罗德岛州布朗医学院的研究人员通过对这种细菌的基因进行修改，可以生产一种新型灭活HIV蛋白Cyanovirin。根据发布在[email protected]上的研究报告，这种药物可以有效阻止猴子和人类细胞感染艾滋病病毒。
Cyanovirin可以“捆绑”倾向与HIV病毒结合的糖分子，从而阻止HIV病毒受体感染人类细胞。“这大体上来说是一种被动免疫法。”来自英国食品研究学院的研究成员肖恩•汉尼菲（Sean Hanniffy）说。
研究者们预计，Cyanovirin可以用于女性在性生活前所使用的阴道凝胶当中，或者作为拥有长期预防效果的口服药。但是，他们同时也注意到，公众可能会对基因改造的整体构想产生抵触。
虽然这种功效只是在实验室中得到证明，但是人体试验早在2007年就已经开始。
生长激素疗法
您听说过生长激素可以用于畜牧业，但是您知道它还可以用于治疗艾滋病吗？最近，来自格拉斯通病毒和免疫研究所与加州大学旧金山分校的研究人员首次证明，通过生长激素疗法可以恢复艾滋病长期感染者的胸腺和免疫系统活性。
艾滋病感染者的免疫细胞由于受到HIV病毒的侵袭，他们的免疫系统将被完全摧毁，从而使患者极易受到疾病甚至是极小感染的侵害。在发展中国家，肺结核和肺炎是艾滋病感染者死亡的直接病因。
在这项研究当中，科学家共调查了22名HIV感染者，他们平均接受了3年左右的标准治疗。这些研究者被分为两个小组，一组定期注射生长激素，而另一组则接受与以前相同的治疗。一年之后，这些患者的病情发生了变化。
科学家通过血液样本和医学扫描来评估病人对这些治疗的反应。当患者接受了生长激素疗法后，他们胸腺尺寸得以扩大，并且体内产生了许多新生的淋巴细胞。这些细胞甚至在注射停止一年之后依然持续生长。
根据研究小组的负责人劳拉•纳波利塔诺（Laura Napolitano）的说法，这项研究结果可以成为生长激素能够逆转HIV对人体破坏的证据，“最重要的一步是它确定了在将来某一天，免疫疗法可以对免疫细胞缺乏的病人提供帮助。”然而，生长激素疗法作为普通的治疗方案还为时过早。一般认为，生长激素会产生负作用，包括糖尿病、骨痛、四肢肿胀、骨骼反常生长和腕管综合症等。
缩胺酸疗法
最近，来自以色列耶路撒冷希伯莱大学的研究员声称，他们发现了一种可以破坏艾滋病感染细胞而不会伤害相临的健康细胞的新疗法。这项研究结果由亚历山大西尔伯曼生命科学和化学研究所的科学家首先发现，研究结果发表在《艾滋病研究与治疗》（AIDS Research and Therapy）学术期刊上。
迄今为止，还没有任何一种疗法可以完全杀死HIV感染细胞。现在的疗法只是延缓疾病的发展。如果治疗停止，或者病毒产生抗药性，那么就可能感染新的细胞。
这项研究的创新之处就在于，它能够让HIV感染后的细胞“自我毁灭”。当艾滋病病毒感染了一个细胞，那么它的DNA将穿透细胞进而复制新的HIV病毒。
该大学的Abraham Loyter医生解释这一治疗方案的原理：科学家利用提取的缩胺酸（peptides，又称多肽类）或者短链蛋白质片段，干扰HIV病毒对基因材料的复制；通过把含有大量基因材料的复制品转移到感染细胞，触发这些细胞的“自我毁灭”。
“普通的药物通常在病毒已经进入人体即将进行感染时将其杀死，而缩胺酸疗法允许病毒的遗传载荷进入细胞之后而将感染细胞杀死。” Abraham Loyter在接受以色列《国土报》采访时说。
这项疗法在今年年初已经申请专利，并且已经被批准进行人体细胞培养。结果发现，那些已经被HIV感染的人体细胞在两周内消失，并且在至少两星期之后没有重新出现。
了解更多有关艾滋病的知识，请继续阅读下节。
参考资料：
- http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/66421/title/Antiretroviral_drugs_may_prevent_HIV_infection
- http://www.livescience.com/health/hiv_yogurt.html
- http://www.condomman.com/articles/aids-prevention/new-gene-therapy-to-control-hiv/
- http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/06/18/tech/main6595537.shtml
- http://www.thebody.com/content/art45242.html
- http://www.cdcnpin.org/scripts/display/NewsDisplay.asp?NewsNbr=50283
- http://www.israel21c.org/201009058318/health/new-israeli-treatment-kills-hiv-cells、
- http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/01/080117164152.htm
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| 图示∶2010年12月即将出版的《中国特色医疗金鉴》登载的刘君主任及其机构 |
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Five new treatments for AIDS response
This article includes:
1. Respond to new treatments for AIDS in five
2. Anti-retroviral drugs
3. Gene therapy
4. Cyanovirin: a new inactivated HIV protein
5. Growth hormone therapy
6. Peptides therapy
7. Learn more
8. Read the article all disease categories
AIDS (AIDS) is caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease caused by chronic infection. Now there are about 3340 million people in the world carrying the AIDS virus, the United States alone more than 100 million people carry the virus, in addition, there are another 50 million people have died of AIDS. The number of infections in China has reached 74 million, including 105,000 AIDS patients in 2007, 39,000 people died of the disease.
At present, around the world to carry out AIDS prevention and treatment of a lot of work, such as Thailand, funded by the United States in AIDS vaccine research projects; South Africa developed a vaginal gel, is said to effectively prevent the replication of HIV, and 54% reduction of infection risk. Perhaps in the near future, the HIV can be actually controlled by humans. In this article, you will learn the latest of five AIDS therapy.
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The doctor is detected HIV infection in one patient.
Antiretroviral drugs
Drugs prevent HIV infection, so the idea of the efforts of scientists have come to reality. Recently published in the "New England Journal of Medicine" (New England Journal of Medicine) research paper on the discovery, HIV-negative gay and bisexual male patients, by taking an anti-retroviral drugs (Antiretroviral drugs), can reduce the infection HIV risk.
HIV is human immunodeficiency virus, is a human immune system can lead to the degradation of the virus.
From the University of California, San Francisco and an international team of staff from all over the world 2,499 male respondents surveyed, the respondents in the past have had sex with other men's experiences. Half of the participants were not randomly assigned to consume a placebo drug ingredients, while the other half were assigned acquire a similar appearance, but with emtricitabine (emtricitabine) and tenofovir (tenofovir) and other components of the anti- retroviral drugs.
After nearly a year of follow up, the researchers found a total of 100 male respondents were infected with the AIDS virus, which has infected 64 taking a placebo, while the remaining 36 were taking the real drug. Data show that those allocated to anti-retroviral drugs and more than 90% of the time can use the respondents, the highest rate of their protection.
"This result represents the study of AIDS prevention among the significant progress," from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, the doctors Kevin • Fan Dayton (Kevin Fenton), said: "This is our first evidence that taking anti-HIV drugs daily prevention with high-risk gay and bisexual people infected with HIV virus effect. "
Gene therapy
Although antiretroviral drugs can prolong the lives of AIDS patients, but its negative effects sometimes cause injury. A recently published in "Nature Medicine" online version of the research results indicate that perhaps one day, life-long antiretroviral drug therapy will become the past.
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Scientists and doctors around the world are working hard to AIDS virus.
The new study by the University of California at Los Angeles AIDS Institute hosted, researchers believe that gene therapy can be used as safe means of treatment of AIDS. They found that gene delivery by cell transplantation is the key to the treatment of AIDS patients, this therapy can prevent HIV in the "landing" scenario will not cause damage to the immune system.
This study a total of 74 HIV-infected persons to participate, each participant had been imported stem cells extracted from their own. These stem cells, or native, or is treated and contains OZ1 molecules. OZ1 through accurate lock to prevent a major HIV gene and its replication. After 100 weeks, with patients receiving OZ1 and no adverse reactions. It was found that after 8 weeks, although OZ1 group and the placebo group in terms of viral load with no significant difference, but OZ1 group of patients with HIV activity has been well suppressed, and index of CD4 + lymphocytes was significantly increased.
The school and education center for AIDS clinical professor Ronald Mitsuvasu said: "This is the first HIV gene therapy randomized controlled study. We want to show that patients receiving the genetically modified cells after the cessation of highly active antiretroviral viral drugs under the conditions of their bodies was inhibited HIV replication situation. "
"By taking control participants randomized to placebo, we found that successful gene therapy of patients received a positive preventive effect," a collaborator of the study Dr Thomas Merigan added: "It may be we have developed chronic infection disease, the first step of new therapies. "
Cyanovirin: a new inactivated HIV protein
Yogurt can be used in the manufacture of drugs to prevent AIDS? Sounds incredible! In fact, according to the latest research on the structure of certain bacteria in yogurt make changes, can produce an effective drug to prevent HIV infection.
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Can prevent HIV vaccine day to appear?
In the natural state, Lactococcus lactis (Lactococcus lactis) can generate lactic acid, people can use them to make cheese and yogurt, the bacteria does not harm the human body.
Rhode Island Brown Medical School researchers on the genetic modification the bacteria can produce a new type of inactivated HIV protein Cyanovirin. According to published studies on the [email protected], the drug can effectively prevent the monkey and human cells infected with HIV.
Cyanovirin can be "bundled" tendency with the HIV virus with sugar molecules, thereby preventing the HIV virus receptor to infect human cells. "This was a largely a passive immunization law." Food Research Institute from the UK members of Sean • Hanni Fei (Sean Hanniffy) said.
The researchers expected, Cyanovirin can be used in the sexual life of women using vaginal gel before them, or as a long-term preventive effect of oral administration. However, they also noted that the public may have an overall idea of genetically modified produce conflict.
Although this effect is proven in the lab, but human trials as early as 2007 had begun.
Growth hormone therapy
Have you heard of growth hormone can be used for livestock, but you know it can be used to treat AIDS? Recently, the virus and immune from the Gladstone Institute and the University of California San Francisco researchers first proved that, through long-term growth hormone therapy can restore HIV infection in the thymus and immune system activity.
AIDS due to HIV, the immune cells attack the virus, their immune system will be completely destroyed, so that the patient vulnerable to infectious diseases or even minimal infringement. In developing countries, tuberculosis and pneumonia, AIDS deaths are the direct cause.
In this study, scientists investigated a total of 22 HIV infected patients, they received an average of 3 years the standard treatment. The researchers were divided into two groups, one group on a regular basis, growth hormone, while the other group received the same treatment as before. A year later, the patient's condition changed.
Blood samples and medical scientists scan to assess response to treatment for these patients. When the patients received hormone therapy, they could expand the size of the thymus, and the body produces a lot of newborn lymphocytes. Even in the injection of these cells still continue to grow year after cessation.
According to research team leader Laura • Napolitano (Laura Napolitano) to say, this result can be a human growth hormone can reverse the destruction of evidence of HIV, "the most important step is that it identified in a future One day, immunotherapy can be a lack of immune cells to help patients. "However, growth hormone therapy treatment programs as ordinary too early. Generally believed that growth hormone may have negative effects, including diabetes, bone pain, limb swelling, abnormal bone growth and carpal tunnel syndrome.
Peptides therapy
Most recently, from researchers at the University of Jerusalem Hebrews claimed that they found a way to destroy HIV-infected cells without damaging healthy cells adjacent to the new therapy. The findings from the Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Science and Chemistry, scientists first discovered, the results published in the "AIDS Research and Treatment" (AIDS Research and Therapy) academic journals.
So far, there is no one therapy can kill HIV infected cells. Current therapies only slow the disease. If the treatment is stopped, or virus resistance, then it can infect new cells.
The innovation of this study is that it can make HIV infected cells "self-destruction." When HIV infects a cell, its DNA will penetrate the cell and then copy the new HIV.
The University of Abraham Loyter doctor explained the principles of this treatment: scientists extracted peptides (peptides, called peptide) or short-chain protein fragments interfere with HIV, the replication of genetic material; contains large amounts of genetic material through the transferred to a copy of the infected cells, these cells triggered "self-destruction."
"Common drugs usually enter the body of the virus has infected about to be killed and peptides therapy to allow the virus into the cell after the genetic load and the infected cells to kill." Abraham Loyter In an interview with the Israeli "Haaretz" interview said.
This treatment has been patented earlier this year and has been approved for human cell culture. The results found that those who have been HIV infected human cells disappeared within two weeks, and did not reappear after at least two weeks.
Learn more about AIDS knowledge, please read the following section.
References:
http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/66421/title/Antiretroviral_drugs_may_prevent_HIV_infection
http://www.livescience.com/health/hiv_yogurt.html
http://www.condomman.com/articles/aids-prevention/new-gene-therapy-to-control-hiv/
http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/06/18/tech/main6595537.shtml
http://www.thebody.com/content/art45242.html
http://www.cdcnpin.org/scripts/display/NewsDisplay.asp?NewsNbr=50283
http://www.israel21c.org/201009058318/health/new-israeli-treatment-kills-hiv-cells,
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/01/080117164152.htm |
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